The Author: Iwan Wmffre is a lecturer in Irish and Celtic at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. He has previously taught at the National University of Ireland, Galway, and at the Catholic University of Lublin. His publications include Central Breton (1999), Late Cornish (1999), Language and Place-names in Wales (2003), The Place-names of Cardiganshire (2004).

• Contents: The Development of Modern Breton Standards – A historical summary of the Breton orthographic debate – Dialects and Variation – Orthographies: KLT and the Vannetais - The origins of the ZH orthography - The establishment of ZH - Weisgerber and Hemon: German cultural policy towards the Breton nationalists - Wartime reactions to ZH - State teaching of Breton 1940-44 - Retrospect on the establishment of ZH - Post-war backlash - The origins and establishment of the H orthography - The reaction to H - The Hemon-Mordiern letters - A time of dissension - The origins and establishment of the SS orthography - The failure of SS - Other proposed orthographic systems since 1975 - The survival of the Vannetais standard – Ideologies: Western Brittany against the Duchy - Nationalism against regionalism - Hemon’s anti-scholarly streak - Orthographic inflexibility - Harmful repercussions of orthographic censorship on publishing and scholarship - The phonological quality of <c’h> - Quis custodiet custodies? - Criticism of the Breton of native speakers - Criticism of the Breton of learners - An orthographic quasi-monopoly: ZH since the 1980s - A clash of principles: a supradialectal or a localised base for a norm? - Problems of standardisation - Purism and neologisms.

The Author: Iwan Wmffre is a lecturer in Irish and Celtic at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. He has previously taught at the National University of Ireland, Galway, and at the Catholic University of Lublin. His publications include Central Breton (1999), Late Cornish (1999), Language and Place-names in Wales (2003), The Place-names of Cardiganshire (2004).

• Contents: The Development of Modern Breton Standards – A historical summary of the Breton orthographic debate – Dialects and Variation – Orthographies: KLT and the Vannetais - The origins of the ZH orthography - The establishment of ZH - Weisgerber and Hemon: German cultural policy towards the Breton nationalists - Wartime reactions to ZH - State teaching of Breton 1940-44 - Retrospect on the establishment of ZH - Post-war backlash - The origins and establishment of the H orthography - The reaction to H - The Hemon-Mordiern letters - A time of dissension - The origins and establishment of the SS orthography - The failure of SS - Other proposed orthographic systems since 1975 - The survival of the Vannetais standard – Ideologies: Western Brittany against the Duchy - Nationalism against regionalism - Hemon’s anti-scholarly streak - Orthographic inflexibility - Harmful repercussions of orthographic censorship on publishing and scholarship - The phonological quality of <c’h> - Quis custodiet custodies? - Criticism of the Breton of native speakers - Criticism of the Breton of learners - An orthographic quasi-monopoly: ZH since the 1980s - A clash of principles: a supradialectal or a localised base for a norm? - Problems of standardisation - Purism and neologisms.

The Author: Iwan Wmffre is a lecturer in Irish and Celtic at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. He has previously taught at the National University of Ireland, Galway, and at the Catholic University of Lublin. His publications include Central Breton (1999), Late Cornish (1999), Language and Place-names in Wales (2003), The Place-names of Cardiganshire (2004).

• Contents: The Development of Modern Breton Standards – A historical summary of the Breton orthographic debate – Dialects and Variation – Orthographies: KLT and the Vannetais - The origins of the ZH orthography - The establishment of ZH - Weisgerber and Hemon: German cultural policy towards the Breton nationalists - Wartime reactions to ZH - State teaching of Breton 1940-44 - Retrospect on the establishment of ZH - Post-war backlash - The origins and establishment of the H orthography - The reaction to H - The Hemon-Mordiern letters - A time of dissension - The origins and establishment of the SS orthography - The failure of SS - Other proposed orthographic systems since 1975 - The survival of the Vannetais standard – Ideologies: Western Brittany against the Duchy - Nationalism against regionalism - Hemon’s anti-scholarly streak - Orthographic inflexibility - Harmful repercussions of orthographic censorship on publishing and scholarship - The phonological quality of <c’h> - Quis custodiet custodies? - Criticism of the Breton of native speakers - Criticism of the Breton of learners - An orthographic quasi-monopoly: ZH since the 1980s - A clash of principles: a supradialectal or a localised base for a norm? - Problems of standardisation - Purism and neologisms.