Biology: A Historical Perspective, Volume II builds on the foundation established in Volume I, continuing the exploration of key scientific concepts and the notable contributions of underrepresented scientists like Heinrich Anton de Bary, Sergei Navashin, Agnes Robertson Arber, and Rebecca Lee Crumpler.This volume is organized into 15 chapters covering a broad spectrum of topics, beginning with fundamental concepts related to the origin and diversification of life, including speciation, macroevolution, and extinction, before delving into systematics and the methods biologists use to trace the phylogenetic history of organisms. The text offers a comprehensive examination of the evolution, general characteristics, and biological diversity across all kingdoms of life, starting with prokaryotes and protists, and concluding with invertebrates, vertebrates, and primates. Additionally, it investigates the origin and evolutionary history of modern humans and the organ systems that sustain human life. The volume concludes with an exploration of population, community, and ecosystem ecology, before addressing biodiversity and its importance to humanity, the current anthropogenic threats it faces, and ongoing conservation efforts aimed at preserving it for future generations.Biology is recommended for both major and non-major courses, providing students with a solid foundation in essential biological concepts while also fostering curiosity and deepening their understanding of the historical perspective of biological science.