Michael S. Fulton, Ph.D. (2016), Cardiff University, is a Visiting Scholar with the Department of History at the University of British Columbia. He has published a number of articles, including “A Ridge too Far,” Crusades 16 (2017) and “Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades,” JMMH 13 (2015).

• ContentsForewordList of IllustrationsAbbreviationsNamesWeights and MeasuresRegional MapsIntroduction1 BackgroundClassical ArtilleryTerminological IssuesEarly Traction Trebuchets in the Near and Middle EastEarly Traction Trebuchets in EuropeAppearance of the Counterweight Trebuchet2 MechanicsTractionCounterweightThe Mathematics3 First CrusadeNicaea: 1097Antioch: 1097-98Ma’arrat al-Nu’man and ‘Arqa: 1098Jerusalem: 10994 Twelfth CenturyThe Opening DecadesTyre: 1124Offensives of Zanki and John ComnenusThe Second Crusade and the Ebb of Frankish DominanceEgypt: A New FrontierThe Rise of SaladinTransjordan5 Third CrusadeThe Hattin CampaignIndications of Range in Western Syria and TransjordanSaladin’s Conquest of Northern PalestineThe First Great Siege of AcreLater Sieges of the Crusade6 Ayyubid PeriodThe Fifth Crusade and New Latin TerminologyThe Sixth Crusade and War on CyprusContinued Infighting and New Arabic TerminologyLouis IX and the Seventh CrusadeThe Mongols and the War of St Sabas7 Mamluk PeriodBaybars’ Early ArtilleryIndications of Significant Power: 1271The Sultanate of QalawunThe Second Great Siege of Acre: 1291Plates8 Influence of Offensive ArtilleryTheories Regarding the Influence of ArtillerySiege LengthDevelopment, Manpower and ResourcesConcentricityWall ThicknessEntrancesDressingTower Shape9 Influence of Defensive ArtilleryGround-mounted ArtilleryTower-mounted ArtilleryPossible Ayyubid Artillery TowersPossible Frankish Artillery TowersPossible Mamluk Artillery TowersOther InterpretationsConclusionDevelopmentEmploymentAppendix 1: Mentions of ArtilleryAppendix 2: Images and Technical TreatisesAppendix 3: Mathematical ScenariosAppendix 4: Reconstructed EnginesBibliographyIndex

Michael S. Fulton, Ph.D. (2016), Cardiff University, is a Visiting Scholar with the Department of History at the University of British Columbia. He has published a number of articles, including “A Ridge too Far,” Crusades 16 (2017) and “Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades,” JMMH 13 (2015).

• ContentsForewordList of IllustrationsAbbreviationsNamesWeights and MeasuresRegional MapsIntroduction1 BackgroundClassical ArtilleryTerminological IssuesEarly Traction Trebuchets in the Near and Middle EastEarly Traction Trebuchets in EuropeAppearance of the Counterweight Trebuchet2 MechanicsTractionCounterweightThe Mathematics3 First CrusadeNicaea: 1097Antioch: 1097-98Ma’arrat al-Nu’man and ‘Arqa: 1098Jerusalem: 10994 Twelfth CenturyThe Opening DecadesTyre: 1124Offensives of Zanki and John ComnenusThe Second Crusade and the Ebb of Frankish DominanceEgypt: A New FrontierThe Rise of SaladinTransjordan5 Third CrusadeThe Hattin CampaignIndications of Range in Western Syria and TransjordanSaladin’s Conquest of Northern PalestineThe First Great Siege of AcreLater Sieges of the Crusade6 Ayyubid PeriodThe Fifth Crusade and New Latin TerminologyThe Sixth Crusade and War on CyprusContinued Infighting and New Arabic TerminologyLouis IX and the Seventh CrusadeThe Mongols and the War of St Sabas7 Mamluk PeriodBaybars’ Early ArtilleryIndications of Significant Power: 1271The Sultanate of QalawunThe Second Great Siege of Acre: 1291Plates8 Influence of Offensive ArtilleryTheories Regarding the Influence of ArtillerySiege LengthDevelopment, Manpower and ResourcesConcentricityWall ThicknessEntrancesDressingTower Shape9 Influence of Defensive ArtilleryGround-mounted ArtilleryTower-mounted ArtilleryPossible Ayyubid Artillery TowersPossible Frankish Artillery TowersPossible Mamluk Artillery TowersOther InterpretationsConclusionDevelopmentEmploymentAppendix 1: Mentions of ArtilleryAppendix 2: Images and Technical TreatisesAppendix 3: Mathematical ScenariosAppendix 4: Reconstructed EnginesBibliographyIndex

Michael S. Fulton, Ph.D. (2016), Cardiff University, is a Visiting Scholar with the Department of History at the University of British Columbia. He has published a number of articles, including “A Ridge too Far,” Crusades 16 (2017) and “Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades,” JMMH 13 (2015).

• ContentsForewordList of IllustrationsAbbreviationsNamesWeights and MeasuresRegional MapsIntroduction1 BackgroundClassical ArtilleryTerminological IssuesEarly Traction Trebuchets in the Near and Middle EastEarly Traction Trebuchets in EuropeAppearance of the Counterweight Trebuchet2 MechanicsTractionCounterweightThe Mathematics3 First CrusadeNicaea: 1097Antioch: 1097-98Ma’arrat al-Nu’man and ‘Arqa: 1098Jerusalem: 10994 Twelfth CenturyThe Opening DecadesTyre: 1124Offensives of Zanki and John ComnenusThe Second Crusade and the Ebb of Frankish DominanceEgypt: A New FrontierThe Rise of SaladinTransjordan5 Third CrusadeThe Hattin CampaignIndications of Range in Western Syria and TransjordanSaladin’s Conquest of Northern PalestineThe First Great Siege of AcreLater Sieges of the Crusade6 Ayyubid PeriodThe Fifth Crusade and New Latin TerminologyThe Sixth Crusade and War on CyprusContinued Infighting and New Arabic TerminologyLouis IX and the Seventh CrusadeThe Mongols and the War of St Sabas7 Mamluk PeriodBaybars’ Early ArtilleryIndications of Significant Power: 1271The Sultanate of QalawunThe Second Great Siege of Acre: 1291Plates8 Influence of Offensive ArtilleryTheories Regarding the Influence of ArtillerySiege LengthDevelopment, Manpower and ResourcesConcentricityWall ThicknessEntrancesDressingTower Shape9 Influence of Defensive ArtilleryGround-mounted ArtilleryTower-mounted ArtilleryPossible Ayyubid Artillery TowersPossible Frankish Artillery TowersPossible Mamluk Artillery TowersOther InterpretationsConclusionDevelopmentEmploymentAppendix 1: Mentions of ArtilleryAppendix 2: Images and Technical TreatisesAppendix 3: Mathematical ScenariosAppendix 4: Reconstructed EnginesBibliographyIndex