Anatomy and Physiology in Healthcare

• Chapter 1. Why is the human body the way it is?1.1 Introduction and clinical relevance1.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology1.2.1 Why the human body is the way it is1.2.2 Single-celled and multicellular organisms1.2.3 Homeostasis and homeodynamics1.2.4 The internal environment and plasma1.2.5 The homeodynamic process1.2.6 The homeodynamic regulation of body temperature1.3 Clinical application1.4 Anatomical language1.4.1 General anatomical terms1.4.2 Body cavities1.4.3 Body regions1.5 Summary1.6 Further reading1.7 Self-assessment questionsChapter 2. Cells and their environment2.1 Introduction and clinical relevance2.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology2.2.1 Types of cell: the diversity of life2.2.2 Components of a eukaryotic cell2.2.3 Organization of cells in the body2.3 Clinical application2.4 Summary2.5 Further reading2.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 3. Genetics: how cells divide and introduce variation3.1 Introduction and clinical relevance3.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology3.2.1 The genome3.2.2 Chromosomes3.2.3 Cell division3.2.4 Application of genetics to healthcare3.3 Clinical application3.4 Summary3.5 Further reading3.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 4. Communication: short and fast4.1 Introduction and clinical relevance4.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology4.2.1 Characteristics of a biological communication system4.2.2 The nervous system: structural organization4.2.3 Nervous tissue4.2.4 Functional organization of the nervous system4.2.5 The generation and propagation of an action potential4.2.6 The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord4.2.7 Neuronal pathways and tracts of the brain and spinal cord4.2.8 Protection and nourishment of the brain and spinal cord4.2.9 The peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)4.2.10 The autonomic nervous system4.3 Clinical application4.4 Summary4.5 Further reading4.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 5. Communication: long and slow5.1 Introduction and clinical relevance5.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology5.2.1 The endocrine system5.2.2 Protein hormones5.2.3 Lipid-derivative hormones5.2.4 How hormones exert an effect5.2.5 Major endocrine glands and tissues5.3 Clinical application5.4 Summary5.5 Further reading5.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 6. How the external environment is interpreted 6.1 Introduction and clinical relevance6.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology6.2.1 Sensation and perception6.2.2 Vision and the eye6.2.3 Taste and smell6.2.4 Hearing6.2.5 Touch6.3 Clinical application6.4 Summary6.5 Further reading6.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 7. Why food is needed: the chemical basis of health7.1 Introduction and clinical relevance7.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology7.2.1 The driving force behind cellular processes and activities7.2.2 Components of food7.2.3 Making nutrients in food available7.3 Clinical application7.4 Summary7.5 Further reading7.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 8. The importance of water and electrolytes8.1 Introduction and clinical relevance8.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology8.2.1 Water and electrolytes8.2.2 Functions of the kidney8.3 Clinical application8.4 Summary8.5 Further reading8.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 9. Organs need to be perfused 9.1 Introduction and clinical relevance9.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology9.2.1 Structure and function of blood vessels9.2.2 Blood flow and perfusion9.2.3 The heart: structure and function9.2.4 Blood pressure9.2.5 Blood composition and function9.3 Clinical application9.4 Summary9.5 Further reading9.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 10. The body needs oxygen 10.1 Introduction and clinical relevance10.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology10.2.1 Upper respiratory tract10.2.2 Lower respiratory tract10.2.3 Lung tissue and the bronchial tree10.2.4 Ventilation and the mechanics of breathing10.2.5 Respiratory volumes and capacities10.2.6 Exchange and transportation of gases10.2.7 Regulation of breathing by chemoreceptors10.3 Clinical application10.4 Summary10.5 Further reading10.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 11. Protection from harm 11.1 Introduction and clinical relevance11.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology11.2.1 Lymphatic structures support immunity11.2.2 Innate immunity – physical defences11.2.3 Recognition of microorganisms by innate immunity11.2.4 Innate immunity – cellular defences11.2.5 Innate immunity – humoral defences11.2.6 Acute inflammation11.2.7 Adaptive immunity11.3 Clinical application11.4 Summary11.5 Further reading11.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 12. Skin: our protective cover12.1 Introduction and clinical relevance12.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology12.2.1 Structure of the skin12.2.2 Factors affecting the skin12.2.3 Wound healing12.3 Clinical application12.4 Summary12.5 Further reading12.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 13. Achieving movement 13.1 Introduction and clinical relevance13.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology13.2.1 Bones13.2.2 The joints13.2.3 Muscles13.3 Clinical application13.4 Summary13.5 Further reading13.6 Self-assessment questionsChapter 14. From one generation to the next 14.1 Introduction and clinical relevance14.2 What you need to know – essential anatomy and physiology14.2.1 Structure and function of the male reproductive system14.2.3 Structure and function of the female reproductive system14.3 Clinical application14.4 Summary14.5 Further reading14.6 Self-assessment questions

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