Keith Johnson is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the author of Quantitative Methods in Linguistics, and the 6th edition of Peter Ladefoged's A Course in Phonetics.

• Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1Part I Fundamentals 51 Basic Acoustics and Acoustic Filters 71.1 The Sensation of Sound 71.2 The Propagation of Sound 81.3 Types of Sounds 111.3.1 Simple periodic waves 111.3.2 Complex periodic waves 121.3.3 Aperiodic waves 171.4 Acoustic Filters 19Recommended Reading 22Exercises 232 The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: Deriving Schwa 252.1 Voicing 252.2 Voicing Quanta 282.3 Vocal Tract Filtering 302.4 Pendulums, Standing Waves, and Vowel Formants 322.5 Discovering Nodes and Antinodes in an Acoustic Tube 45Recommended Reading 47Exercises 483 Digital Signal Processing 493.1 Continuous versus Discrete Signals 493.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 503.2.1 Sampling 513.2.2 Quantization 553.3 Signal Analysis Methods 593.3.1 RMS amplitude 593.3.2 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 603.3.3 Auto-correlation pitch tracking 643.3.4 Digital filters 683.3.5 Linear predictive coding (LPC) 713.3.6 Spectra and spectrograms 77Recommended Reading 79Exercises 804 Basic Audition 824.1 Anatomy of the Peripheral Auditory System 824.2 The Auditory Sensation of Loudness 834.3 Frequency Response of the Auditory System 884.4 Saturation and Masking 904.5 Auditory Representations 93Rcommended Reading 97Exercises 985 Speech Perception 1005.1 Auditory Ability Shapes Speech Perception 1015.2 Phonetic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1045.2.1 Categorical perception 1045.2.2 Phonetic coherence 1095.3 Linguistic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1125.4 Perceptual Similarity 1155.4.1 Maps from distances 1165.4.2 The perceptual map of fricatives 119Recommended Reading 124Exercises 126Part II Speech Analysis 1296 Vowels 1316.1 Tube Models of Vowel Production 1316.2 Perturbation Theory 1376.3 "Preferred" Vowels – Quantal Theory and Adaptive Dispersion 1416.4 Vowel Formants and the Acoustic Vowel Space 1426.5 Auditory and Acoustic Representations of Vowels 1446.6 Cross-linguistic Vowel Perception 146Recommended Reading 149Exercises 1507 Fricatives 1527.1 Turbulence 1527.2 Place of Articulation in Fricatives 1577.3 Quantal Theory and Fricatives 1597.4 Fricative Auditory Spectra 1627.5 Dimensions of Fricative Perception 165Recommended Reading 166Exercises 1678 Stops and Affricates 1698.1 Source Functions For Stops and Affricates 1708.1.1 Phonation types 1708.1.2 Sound sources in stops and affricates 1728.2 Vocal Tract Filter Functions in Stops 1768.3 Affricates 1798.4 Auditory Properties of Stops 1808.5 Stop Perception in Different Vowel Contexts 182Recommended Reading 183Exercises 1849 Nasals and Laterals 1859.1 Bandwidth 1859.2 Nasal Stops 1879.3 Laterals 1969.4 Nasalization 1989.5 Nasal Consonant Perception 202Recommended Reading 204Exercises 205References 206Answers to Selected Short-answer Questions 212Index 218

"Looking to offer a balanced, student-friendly approach to speech, with lively sidebars on related topics, this updated edition is intended to reflect the latest advances in the field." (Times Higher Education Supplement {Texbook Guide}, 3 November 2011)

Keith Johnson is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the author of Quantitative Methods in Linguistics, and the 6th edition of Peter Ladefoged's A Course in Phonetics.

• Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1Part I Fundamentals 51 Basic Acoustics and Acoustic Filters 71.1 The Sensation of Sound 71.2 The Propagation of Sound 81.3 Types of Sounds 111.3.1 Simple periodic waves 111.3.2 Complex periodic waves 121.3.3 Aperiodic waves 171.4 Acoustic Filters 19Recommended Reading 22Exercises 232 The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: Deriving Schwa 252.1 Voicing 252.2 Voicing Quanta 282.3 Vocal Tract Filtering 302.4 Pendulums, Standing Waves, and Vowel Formants 322.5 Discovering Nodes and Antinodes in an Acoustic Tube 45Recommended Reading 47Exercises 483 Digital Signal Processing 493.1 Continuous versus Discrete Signals 493.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 503.2.1 Sampling 513.2.2 Quantization 553.3 Signal Analysis Methods 593.3.1 RMS amplitude 593.3.2 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 603.3.3 Auto-correlation pitch tracking 643.3.4 Digital filters 683.3.5 Linear predictive coding (LPC) 713.3.6 Spectra and spectrograms 77Recommended Reading 79Exercises 804 Basic Audition 824.1 Anatomy of the Peripheral Auditory System 824.2 The Auditory Sensation of Loudness 834.3 Frequency Response of the Auditory System 884.4 Saturation and Masking 904.5 Auditory Representations 93Rcommended Reading 97Exercises 985 Speech Perception 1005.1 Auditory Ability Shapes Speech Perception 1015.2 Phonetic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1045.2.1 Categorical perception 1045.2.2 Phonetic coherence 1095.3 Linguistic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1125.4 Perceptual Similarity 1155.4.1 Maps from distances 1165.4.2 The perceptual map of fricatives 119Recommended Reading 124Exercises 126Part II Speech Analysis 1296 Vowels 1316.1 Tube Models of Vowel Production 1316.2 Perturbation Theory 1376.3 "Preferred" Vowels – Quantal Theory and Adaptive Dispersion 1416.4 Vowel Formants and the Acoustic Vowel Space 1426.5 Auditory and Acoustic Representations of Vowels 1446.6 Cross-linguistic Vowel Perception 146Recommended Reading 149Exercises 1507 Fricatives 1527.1 Turbulence 1527.2 Place of Articulation in Fricatives 1577.3 Quantal Theory and Fricatives 1597.4 Fricative Auditory Spectra 1627.5 Dimensions of Fricative Perception 165Recommended Reading 166Exercises 1678 Stops and Affricates 1698.1 Source Functions For Stops and Affricates 1708.1.1 Phonation types 1708.1.2 Sound sources in stops and affricates 1728.2 Vocal Tract Filter Functions in Stops 1768.3 Affricates 1798.4 Auditory Properties of Stops 1808.5 Stop Perception in Different Vowel Contexts 182Recommended Reading 183Exercises 1849 Nasals and Laterals 1859.1 Bandwidth 1859.2 Nasal Stops 1879.3 Laterals 1969.4 Nasalization 1989.5 Nasal Consonant Perception 202Recommended Reading 204Exercises 205References 206Answers to Selected Short-answer Questions 212Index 218

"Looking to offer a balanced, student-friendly approach to speech, with lively sidebars on related topics, this updated edition is intended to reflect the latest advances in the field." (Times Higher Education Supplement {Texbook Guide}, 3 November 2011)

Keith Johnson is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the author of Quantitative Methods in Linguistics, and the 6th edition of Peter Ladefoged's A Course in Phonetics.

• Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1Part I Fundamentals 51 Basic Acoustics and Acoustic Filters 71.1 The Sensation of Sound 71.2 The Propagation of Sound 81.3 Types of Sounds 111.3.1 Simple periodic waves 111.3.2 Complex periodic waves 121.3.3 Aperiodic waves 171.4 Acoustic Filters 19Recommended Reading 22Exercises 232 The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: Deriving Schwa 252.1 Voicing 252.2 Voicing Quanta 282.3 Vocal Tract Filtering 302.4 Pendulums, Standing Waves, and Vowel Formants 322.5 Discovering Nodes and Antinodes in an Acoustic Tube 45Recommended Reading 47Exercises 483 Digital Signal Processing 493.1 Continuous versus Discrete Signals 493.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 503.2.1 Sampling 513.2.2 Quantization 553.3 Signal Analysis Methods 593.3.1 RMS amplitude 593.3.2 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 603.3.3 Auto-correlation pitch tracking 643.3.4 Digital filters 683.3.5 Linear predictive coding (LPC) 713.3.6 Spectra and spectrograms 77Recommended Reading 79Exercises 804 Basic Audition 824.1 Anatomy of the Peripheral Auditory System 824.2 The Auditory Sensation of Loudness 834.3 Frequency Response of the Auditory System 884.4 Saturation and Masking 904.5 Auditory Representations 93Rcommended Reading 97Exercises 985 Speech Perception 1005.1 Auditory Ability Shapes Speech Perception 1015.2 Phonetic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1045.2.1 Categorical perception 1045.2.2 Phonetic coherence 1095.3 Linguistic Knowledge Shapes Speech Perception 1125.4 Perceptual Similarity 1155.4.1 Maps from distances 1165.4.2 The perceptual map of fricatives 119Recommended Reading 124Exercises 126Part II Speech Analysis 1296 Vowels 1316.1 Tube Models of Vowel Production 1316.2 Perturbation Theory 1376.3 "Preferred" Vowels – Quantal Theory and Adaptive Dispersion 1416.4 Vowel Formants and the Acoustic Vowel Space 1426.5 Auditory and Acoustic Representations of Vowels 1446.6 Cross-linguistic Vowel Perception 146Recommended Reading 149Exercises 1507 Fricatives 1527.1 Turbulence 1527.2 Place of Articulation in Fricatives 1577.3 Quantal Theory and Fricatives 1597.4 Fricative Auditory Spectra 1627.5 Dimensions of Fricative Perception 165Recommended Reading 166Exercises 1678 Stops and Affricates 1698.1 Source Functions For Stops and Affricates 1708.1.1 Phonation types 1708.1.2 Sound sources in stops and affricates 1728.2 Vocal Tract Filter Functions in Stops 1768.3 Affricates 1798.4 Auditory Properties of Stops 1808.5 Stop Perception in Different Vowel Contexts 182Recommended Reading 183Exercises 1849 Nasals and Laterals 1859.1 Bandwidth 1859.2 Nasal Stops 1879.3 Laterals 1969.4 Nasalization 1989.5 Nasal Consonant Perception 202Recommended Reading 204Exercises 205References 206Answers to Selected Short-answer Questions 212Index 218

"Looking to offer a balanced, student-friendly approach to speech, with lively sidebars on related topics, this updated edition is intended to reflect the latest advances in the field." (Times Higher Education Supplement {Texbook Guide}, 3 November 2011)