Yorkshire Dialect in the Nineteenth Century

Paul Cooper is Senior Lecturer in English Language at the University of Liverpool, UK.

• List of figuresList of tables1 Introduction1.1 Linguistic features of Yorkshire dialect1.1.1 Definite Article Reduction1.1.2 H-dropping1.1.3 Realisation of the GOAT diphthong1.1.4 Realisation of the FACE diphthong1.1.5 Additional phonological features1.1.6 Grammatical features and lexical items1.2 Yorkshire identity1.2.1 Aims of this book1.3 Methodological considerations1.3.1 Qualitative analysis1.3.2 Quantitative analysis1.3.3 Corpus of nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect (CoNCYD)1.3.4 Nineteenth-century Yorkshire repertoires1.4 Conclusions2 Yorkshire dialect and social values2.1 Indexicality and enregisterment2.2 Processes of enregisterment2.2.1 Social mobility2.2.2 Geographical mobility2.2.4 Evidence for indexical links and enregisterment2.2.5 Simultaneous indexical links to multiple social values2.3 Indexicality and Yorkshire dialect2.4 Conclusions3 Enregisterment in historical contexts3.1 Historical context: The nineteenth century3.2 Industrialisation and geographical mobility3.3 Social change and social mobility3.4 Linguistic awareness3.5 Studying enregisterment in the nineteenth century3.6 Sociological fractionation in nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect writing3.7 Conclusions4 Yorkshire repertoires: the emergence of authentic Yorkshire spellings4.1 Awareness of nonstandard Yorkshire spellings4.2 Nineteenth-century “Yorkshire” dialect areas4.3 “Yorkshire” versions of The Song of Solomon4.4 Vernacular norm formation in nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect4.4.1 Owt4.4.2 Definite Article Reduction4.4.3 Sen4.4.4 /l/-vocalisation4.5 Conclusions5 Creating the authentic “Yorkshireman”: the emergence of characterological figures in nineteenth-century texts5.1 Characterological figures5.2 The ideological construction of the “Yorkshireman” in nineteenth-century texts5.2.1 The dialect of Yorkshiremen5.3 Occupational associations with “Yorkshiremen”5.3.1 The Yorkshire “dalesman”5.4 A strong, independent “race” of men5.5 Conclusion6 Style and the Yorkshirewoman6.1 Yorkshiremen and style-shifting6.1.1 Metapragmatic discourse about style-shifting6.1.2 Style-shifting in dialect literature6.1.3 Style-shifting in literary dialect6.2 Yorkshirewomen, metacommentary, and domesticity6.2.1 Domesticity6.2.2 Metacommentary on Yorkshirewomen and their dialect6.2.3 Yorkshirewomen in literary dialect6.2.4 Yorkshirewomen in dialect literature6.3 Conclusions7 Saxon, Scandinavian, and fair complexion: the historical enregisterment of Yorkshire dialect and whiteness7.1 Enregisterment and ethnicity7.2 Anglo-Saxon and Viking as indexes of whiteness in nineteenth-century texts7.2.1 Non-white people in nineteenth-century Yorkshire7.3 Yorkshire dialect indexing authentic, Teutonic, and “Anglo-Saxon”7.3.1 “Saxon” Yorkshire dialect indexed by literary dialect and dialect literature7.4 Yorkshire dialect indexing “Scandinavian”, “Anglo-Danish”, and “Old Norse”7.4.1 Scandinavian7.4.2 Anglo-Danish7.4.3 Old Norse7.5 Conclusions8 The legacy of nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect8.1 Changes to the enregistered Yorkshire repertoire8.2 ConclusionReferencesIndex