Roberto Soprano is Visiting Professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Brussels Diplomatic Academy in Belgium.

• Table of ContentsForewordTable of CasesIntroduction1. Unilateral Reactions within the Multilateral WTO Context: the Case of WTO Trade Remedies1.1. Introduction1.2. Limiting Unilateralism in International Relations: from Coexistence through Cooperation towards a Global Community1.3. The Evolving Idea of Cooperation in the International Economic Context1.4. The WTO and the Financial Crisis1.5. Ubi Societas Ibi Ius: the Role of International Economic Law in the International Society1.6. Dispute Settlement Systems and Unilateral Reactions2. The Relationship between Public International Law and WTO Law2.1. WTO Law and Public International Law2.2. The Applicability of Public International Law in the WTO Context 2.3. The Risk of Fragmentation of Public International Law2.4. The Reciprocal Influence of WTO Law and Public International Law2.5. The Concept of Self-Help in Public International Law2.6. The Place and Role of WTO Trade Remedies: Particular Forms of Self-Help or Sui Generis Measures?2.7. Self-Help Measures and WTO Trade Remedies2.8. A Delegation of Powers by the WTO Legal System to the Member States2.9. Judicial Control over the Correct Use of Trade Remedies3. Trade Remedies in WTO and Public International Law3.1. Political and Economic Rationale of Trade Remedies3.2. A Brief History of Trade Remedies Negotiations3.2.1 Antidumping Measures3.2.2. Safeguard Measures3.2.3. Countervailing Measures3.3. The Structure of Trade Remedies3.3.1. The Act3.3.1.1. Subsidies3.3.1.2. Increased Imports3.3.1.3. Dumping3.3.2. Injury and the Injured State3.3.3. Causality3.4. Trade Remedies Principles3.4.1. Non-Mandatory3.4.2. Specificity3.4.3. Reversibility and Temporary Limits3.4.4. Consultation before Adoption3.4.5. Non-Reparation3.4.6. Pre-emptive Use of Trade Remedies3.4.7. Proportionality3.4.7.1. Proportionality in the WTO ContextFinal RemarksBibliographyIndex