World Trade, Child Labour and Transnational Constitutionalism

Franziska Humbert, Ph.D. (2007), PD (2021) at the University of Berne, head of economic justice at Oxfam Deutschland has published on the issue of trade, business and human rights, including entries in legal commentaries on the German Supply Chain Act.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction1 Globalization, Child Labour and the International Legal Order2 Contents1 The Problem of Child Labour and Trade1 Introduction2 The International Dimension of Child Labour2.1 Child Labour as a Global Problem2.2 The Protection from Exploitative Child Labour as Ius Cogens3 The Need for Global Solutions Including Trade Measures2 The Status Quo of Trade Measures on Child Labour in WTO Law1 Introduction1.1 Unilateral Trade Measures1.2 Defining PPM  s and Rules of Interpretation2 The Rationale of the WTO and the GATT 19943 Trade Measures Concerning Child Labour under the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause of GATT Article I3.1 Most-Favoured-Nation Obligations3.2 The Relationship with the TBT Agreement3.3 The Scope of GATT Article I:13.4 Like Products3.5 Any Advantage3.6 Immediately and Unconditionally3.7 Exceptions under the Enabling Clause3.8 Conclusion4 Compatibility of Trade Measures on Child Labour with GATT Art. II5 Trade Measures Concerning Child Labour under GATT Art. III5.1 Overview over the Structure and Scope of GATT Art. III5.2 The Coverage of GATT Art. III in Relation to PPM-Measures5.3 Like Products5.4 Equality of Treatment5.5 Contextual Approach5.6 Ius Cogens5.7 Conclusion6 Application of the Results found under GATT Art. III to GATT Art. I6.1 Introduction6.2 Like Products6.3 Regulatory Purposes and Ius Cogens6.4 ‘Asymmetric Impact’6.5 ‘Supply Substitutability’ and ‘Inherence’ Test6.6 Conclusion7 Application of the Results found under GATT Art. III to GATT Art. II8 Compatibility of Trade Measures on Child Labour with Quantitative Restrictions of GATT Art. XI and XIII8.1 Trade Measures on Child Labour as Quantitative Restrictions8.2 The Ius Cogens Nature of the Prohibition of Child Labour9 Trade Measures on Child Labour under the GATT Art. XIX10 Trade Measures Concerning Child Labour under GATT Art. XX10.1 Overview over the Scope and Structure of GATT Art. XX10.2 The Public Morals Exception10.3 Human Life and Health10.4 Prison Labour10.5 The Chapeau of GATT Art. XX10.6 Burden of Proof10.7 Conclusion11 Trade Measures Concerning Child Labour under GATT Art. XXI11.1 Introduction11.2 GATT Art. XXI (b) (iii)11.3 GATT Art. XXI (c)11.4 Conclusion12 Compatibility of Trade Measures on Child Labour with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade12.1 Introduction12.2 Scope of Application12.3 Substantive Provisions of the TBT Agreement12.4 Conclusion13 Compatibility of Trade Measures on Child Labour with the Agreement on Government Procurement13.1 Introduction13.2 Art. IV – General Principles13.3 Art. VIII – Conditions for Participation13.4 Art. X – Technical Specifications and Tender Documentation13.5 Art. XV – Treatment of Tenders and Awarding of Contracts13.6 Art. III – General Exceptions13.7 Conclusion14 Non-WTO Norms as a Defence for Trade Measures on Child Labour14.1 Introduction14.2 The Jurisdiction of WTO Panels14.3 The Applicable Law14.4 Conclusion15 Conclusion of Chapter 23 A Constitutionalist Approach to International Law1 Introduction2 Different Approaches to International Law2.1 Legal Interpretation2.2 New Haven School2.3 Feminist Approaches to International Law2.4 Global Legal Pluralism and Conflicts-Law Approach2.5 Global Administrative Law2.6 International Public Authority2.7 Constitutional Approaches3 A New Legal Humanism3.1 Limits of Hart’s Positivism and Kelsen’s ‘Pure Law Theory’3.2 Towards More Natural Law3.3 The Quest for Global Values3.4 Core Elements of a New Legal Humanism4 Implications of a New Legal Humanism for Trade and Child Labour1 Introduction2 Towards More Substantive Coherence of Trade and Human Rights Law3 Direct Effect of WTO-Law and Human Rights3.1 The Traditional Doctrine of Direct Effect4 Institutional Coherence: A New ILO-WTO Joint Implementation Mechanism on Child Labour4.1 Introduction4.2 Trade-and Country-Related Child Labour4.3 Institutional Framework4.4 Cooperative Activities4.5 Dispute Settlement4.6 Human Rights Obligations for Companies?5 Conclusion5 Concluding Summary1 Summary of Results1.1 Chapter 11.2 Chapter 21.3 Chapter 31.4 Chapter 42 EpilogueBibliographyTable of WTO ReportsTable of GATT 1947 ReportsIndex