Neeraj Singh Manhas is Director of Research at the Indo-Pacific Consortium, Raisina House, New Delhi. He has authored and edited four books with research interests spanning Sino-Indian border issues, China in the Indian Ocean, India-China foreign policy, water security, defence studies, and Indo-Pacific affairs.Dr Nitan Sharma is an alumnus of the Department of Law, University of Jammu, and currently teaches at Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida. He has authored and edited books on contemporary socio-legal issues including environmental law, transgender rights, women and law, and human rights.Dr Abhinav Tomer holds a BA LLB (Hons) from Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow, an LLM in Banking and Finance from National Law University, Jodhpur, and a PhD from Institute of Foreign Trade and Management University.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsTables, Figures and MapAbout the Editors and ContributorsHUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGES IN ASIA1. Water as a Human Right: A Case Study of the Water Stress among the Uyghur in ChinaPintu Kumar Mahla2. North Korean Refugees in China: A Humanitarian PerspectiveKriti Chopra and Neeti Chowdhury3. Promulgation and Amendment of Anti-Racial Laws for Northeast Indians Living Across IndiaPoonam PatelHUMAN RIGHTS IN CONFLICT AND CRISIS SITUATIONS4. An Assessment of the Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan Post August 2021Rushita Shetty and Vasu Sharma5. Human Rights in Global Health Crises and Disease OutbreaksTanya Goyal6. Migration and Human Rights Abuses in War-Torn Countries: Syria and UkraineVivek Pathak7. New Frontiers of Human Rights: Cybersecurity Challenges and International LawTarazi Mohammed SheikhHUMAN RIGHTS AND EMERGING ISSUES8. The Sinking of the Land in Joshimath and the Indian Constitution’s Human Rights GuaranteesSahibnoor Singh Sidhu and Shruti Pathania9. The Human Rights Implications of Toxic Waste Colonialism: An OverviewMonica Narang and Monika Bhardwaj10. From Ambiguity to Protection: The Case of Climate Change-Induced DisplacementKartika Bakshi and Hardik SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE11. Right to the City: Understanding the City as a Site of Human RightsAtanu Bose12. Strengthening Human Rights through Good Governance PracticesParidhi Billore13. The Rights of Transgender: The Battle of EgalitarianismRicha Yadav14. Women’s Rights are Human Rights: Status and Protection under International LawVijay Saigal and Shivangi SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE15. Specific Provisions Relating to Certain Special Classes in the Constitutions of India and the United States: A Comparative StudyPriyansh Shukla16. Maintenance of Human Rights by Regulating the Use of Force by States: An Interrelationship between Jus ad Bellum and Jus CogensKanika Sharma and Adisree Telem17. Environmental Protection During Armed Conflicts: A Human Rights PerspectiveE. Prema, V. Shyam Sundar and S. Parthiban18. Refugee Rights and Problems in India: A Legal StudyArun Kumar Singh and Upendra Grewal19. Migrant Workers and Human Rights: An Extended BriefingSheeba Ahad and Waseeq-ul-Rashid20. Gender-Based Discrimination against Women in India: A Violation of Human Rights in the Present ScenarioYogendra Singh and Sani Kumar Misra21. From Zero Tolerance to a Case for Human Rights Protection: Addressing the Issue of Family Separation at the US–Mexico BorderLakshmi Subramanian22. ‘A Continual Exit’: Understanding Venezuela’s Development through the Recurring Migrant CrisisKirti Koushika23. Social Media Activism and Advocacy for Hindu Human Rights: A Case Study of TwitterKaveri Madhak and Nidhi ShendurnikarIndex

“This book comprehensively enquires and delves deep into varied shades and dimensions of human rights challenges encompassing both peacetime and humanitarian emergencies. Its significant and has enriched the current international and regional human rights discourse.”— (Dr) Arvind Jasrotia, Professor, Department of Law & Registrar, University of Jammu, India.“Truly the work encapsulates the guarantee of those inherent rights which give strength to an individual to grow holistically with the faith and assurance that in any crisis, whether war or emergency such rights will not be taken away.”— Dr Shruti Bisht, Advocate on Record, Supreme Court of India.“Written by leading experts in the field, this compelling compilation explores the essentials of international human rights law, humanitarian law and refugee law from foundational issues to substantive rights and systems of protection. A variety of perspectives bring this multifaceted subject to life, making it an ideal companion for students of human rights.”— Maj Gen Devendra Kapur, VSM (RETD.), India“Besides emphasising the emerging issues and the challenges to human rights, the book offers focused, practical recommendations for international and regional policymakers, activists, and scholars for concrete actions to protect human rights as well as improve public understanding of why doing so is essential.”— Mr Sachin Kalra, Vice President & Deputy General Counsel, HT Media Limited (Group), India

Neeraj Singh Manhas is Director of Research at the Indo-Pacific Consortium, Raisina House, New Delhi. He has authored and edited four books with research interests spanning Sino-Indian border issues, China in the Indian Ocean, India-China foreign policy, water security, defence studies, and Indo-Pacific affairs.Dr Nitan Sharma is an alumnus of the Department of Law, University of Jammu, and currently teaches at Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida. He has authored and edited books on contemporary socio-legal issues including environmental law, transgender rights, women and law, and human rights.Dr Abhinav Tomer holds a BA LLB (Hons) from Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow, an LLM in Banking and Finance from National Law University, Jodhpur, and a PhD from Institute of Foreign Trade and Management University.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsTables, Figures and MapAbout the Editors and ContributorsHUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGES IN ASIA1. Water as a Human Right: A Case Study of the Water Stress among the Uyghur in ChinaPintu Kumar Mahla2. North Korean Refugees in China: A Humanitarian PerspectiveKriti Chopra and Neeti Chowdhury3. Promulgation and Amendment of Anti-Racial Laws for Northeast Indians Living Across IndiaPoonam PatelHUMAN RIGHTS IN CONFLICT AND CRISIS SITUATIONS4. An Assessment of the Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan Post August 2021Rushita Shetty and Vasu Sharma5. Human Rights in Global Health Crises and Disease OutbreaksTanya Goyal6. Migration and Human Rights Abuses in War-Torn Countries: Syria and UkraineVivek Pathak7. New Frontiers of Human Rights: Cybersecurity Challenges and International LawTarazi Mohammed SheikhHUMAN RIGHTS AND EMERGING ISSUES8. The Sinking of the Land in Joshimath and the Indian Constitution’s Human Rights GuaranteesSahibnoor Singh Sidhu and Shruti Pathania9. The Human Rights Implications of Toxic Waste Colonialism: An OverviewMonica Narang and Monika Bhardwaj10. From Ambiguity to Protection: The Case of Climate Change-Induced DisplacementKartika Bakshi and Hardik SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE11. Right to the City: Understanding the City as a Site of Human RightsAtanu Bose12. Strengthening Human Rights through Good Governance PracticesParidhi Billore13. The Rights of Transgender: The Battle of EgalitarianismRicha Yadav14. Women’s Rights are Human Rights: Status and Protection under International LawVijay Saigal and Shivangi SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE15. Specific Provisions Relating to Certain Special Classes in the Constitutions of India and the United States: A Comparative StudyPriyansh Shukla16. Maintenance of Human Rights by Regulating the Use of Force by States: An Interrelationship between Jus ad Bellum and Jus CogensKanika Sharma and Adisree Telem17. Environmental Protection During Armed Conflicts: A Human Rights PerspectiveE. Prema, V. Shyam Sundar and S. Parthiban18. Refugee Rights and Problems in India: A Legal StudyArun Kumar Singh and Upendra Grewal19. Migrant Workers and Human Rights: An Extended BriefingSheeba Ahad and Waseeq-ul-Rashid20. Gender-Based Discrimination against Women in India: A Violation of Human Rights in the Present ScenarioYogendra Singh and Sani Kumar Misra21. From Zero Tolerance to a Case for Human Rights Protection: Addressing the Issue of Family Separation at the US–Mexico BorderLakshmi Subramanian22. ‘A Continual Exit’: Understanding Venezuela’s Development through the Recurring Migrant CrisisKirti Koushika23. Social Media Activism and Advocacy for Hindu Human Rights: A Case Study of TwitterKaveri Madhak and Nidhi ShendurnikarIndex

“This book comprehensively enquires and delves deep into varied shades and dimensions of human rights challenges encompassing both peacetime and humanitarian emergencies. Its significant and has enriched the current international and regional human rights discourse.”— (Dr) Arvind Jasrotia, Professor, Department of Law & Registrar, University of Jammu, India.“Truly the work encapsulates the guarantee of those inherent rights which give strength to an individual to grow holistically with the faith and assurance that in any crisis, whether war or emergency such rights will not be taken away.”— Dr Shruti Bisht, Advocate on Record, Supreme Court of India.“Written by leading experts in the field, this compelling compilation explores the essentials of international human rights law, humanitarian law and refugee law from foundational issues to substantive rights and systems of protection. A variety of perspectives bring this multifaceted subject to life, making it an ideal companion for students of human rights.”— Maj Gen Devendra Kapur, VSM (RETD.), India“Besides emphasising the emerging issues and the challenges to human rights, the book offers focused, practical recommendations for international and regional policymakers, activists, and scholars for concrete actions to protect human rights as well as improve public understanding of why doing so is essential.”— Mr Sachin Kalra, Vice President & Deputy General Counsel, HT Media Limited (Group), India

Neeraj Singh Manhas is Director of Research at the Indo-Pacific Consortium, Raisina House, New Delhi. He has authored and edited four books with research interests spanning Sino-Indian border issues, China in the Indian Ocean, India-China foreign policy, water security, defence studies, and Indo-Pacific affairs.Dr Nitan Sharma is an alumnus of the Department of Law, University of Jammu, and currently teaches at Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida. He has authored and edited books on contemporary socio-legal issues including environmental law, transgender rights, women and law, and human rights.Dr Abhinav Tomer holds a BA LLB (Hons) from Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow, an LLM in Banking and Finance from National Law University, Jodhpur, and a PhD from Institute of Foreign Trade and Management University.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsTables, Figures and MapAbout the Editors and ContributorsHUMAN RIGHTS CHALLENGES IN ASIA1. Water as a Human Right: A Case Study of the Water Stress among the Uyghur in ChinaPintu Kumar Mahla2. North Korean Refugees in China: A Humanitarian PerspectiveKriti Chopra and Neeti Chowdhury3. Promulgation and Amendment of Anti-Racial Laws for Northeast Indians Living Across IndiaPoonam PatelHUMAN RIGHTS IN CONFLICT AND CRISIS SITUATIONS4. An Assessment of the Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan Post August 2021Rushita Shetty and Vasu Sharma5. Human Rights in Global Health Crises and Disease OutbreaksTanya Goyal6. Migration and Human Rights Abuses in War-Torn Countries: Syria and UkraineVivek Pathak7. New Frontiers of Human Rights: Cybersecurity Challenges and International LawTarazi Mohammed SheikhHUMAN RIGHTS AND EMERGING ISSUES8. The Sinking of the Land in Joshimath and the Indian Constitution’s Human Rights GuaranteesSahibnoor Singh Sidhu and Shruti Pathania9. The Human Rights Implications of Toxic Waste Colonialism: An OverviewMonica Narang and Monika Bhardwaj10. From Ambiguity to Protection: The Case of Climate Change-Induced DisplacementKartika Bakshi and Hardik SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE11. Right to the City: Understanding the City as a Site of Human RightsAtanu Bose12. Strengthening Human Rights through Good Governance PracticesParidhi Billore13. The Rights of Transgender: The Battle of EgalitarianismRicha Yadav14. Women’s Rights are Human Rights: Status and Protection under International LawVijay Saigal and Shivangi SharmaHUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE15. Specific Provisions Relating to Certain Special Classes in the Constitutions of India and the United States: A Comparative StudyPriyansh Shukla16. Maintenance of Human Rights by Regulating the Use of Force by States: An Interrelationship between Jus ad Bellum and Jus CogensKanika Sharma and Adisree Telem17. Environmental Protection During Armed Conflicts: A Human Rights PerspectiveE. Prema, V. Shyam Sundar and S. Parthiban18. Refugee Rights and Problems in India: A Legal StudyArun Kumar Singh and Upendra Grewal19. Migrant Workers and Human Rights: An Extended BriefingSheeba Ahad and Waseeq-ul-Rashid20. Gender-Based Discrimination against Women in India: A Violation of Human Rights in the Present ScenarioYogendra Singh and Sani Kumar Misra21. From Zero Tolerance to a Case for Human Rights Protection: Addressing the Issue of Family Separation at the US–Mexico BorderLakshmi Subramanian22. ‘A Continual Exit’: Understanding Venezuela’s Development through the Recurring Migrant CrisisKirti Koushika23. Social Media Activism and Advocacy for Hindu Human Rights: A Case Study of TwitterKaveri Madhak and Nidhi ShendurnikarIndex

“This book comprehensively enquires and delves deep into varied shades and dimensions of human rights challenges encompassing both peacetime and humanitarian emergencies. Its significant and has enriched the current international and regional human rights discourse.”— (Dr) Arvind Jasrotia, Professor, Department of Law & Registrar, University of Jammu, India.“Truly the work encapsulates the guarantee of those inherent rights which give strength to an individual to grow holistically with the faith and assurance that in any crisis, whether war or emergency such rights will not be taken away.”— Dr Shruti Bisht, Advocate on Record, Supreme Court of India.“Written by leading experts in the field, this compelling compilation explores the essentials of international human rights law, humanitarian law and refugee law from foundational issues to substantive rights and systems of protection. A variety of perspectives bring this multifaceted subject to life, making it an ideal companion for students of human rights.”— Maj Gen Devendra Kapur, VSM (RETD.), India“Besides emphasising the emerging issues and the challenges to human rights, the book offers focused, practical recommendations for international and regional policymakers, activists, and scholars for concrete actions to protect human rights as well as improve public understanding of why doing so is essential.”— Mr Sachin Kalra, Vice President & Deputy General Counsel, HT Media Limited (Group), India