World History

STEVEN WALLECH is the senior Professor of History at Long Beach City College. He developed the World History program there and integrated the World History curriculum with community colleges and universities throughout California.TOURAJ DARYAEE was born in Tehran, Iran. His elementary and secondary schooling took place in Tehran and Athens, Greece. He earned his Ph.D. in History at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999. He is currently Howard C. Baskerville Professor in the History of Iran and the Persianate World and the Associate Director of the Dr. Samuel M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture at the University of California, Irvine. He is editor of the Name-ye-Iran-e Bastan: The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies and the creator of Sasanika: The Late Antique Near East Project. CRAIG HENDRICKS is Professor of History, Emeritus, at Long Beach City College. He has written on Latin America for history journals and edited four books of American Social His-tory readings. He is now completing a study of urban development in southern California. ANNE LYNNE NEGUS received a Ph.D. in Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, specializing in Egyptology. Currently she is Professor of History at Fullerton College and an active member of the American Research Center in Egypt, traveling frequently to Egypt and other Middle Eastern areas. PETER P. WAN was born in China, where he received his B.A. from East China Normal University and taught American Literature until he came to the United States on a Harvard-Yanching fellowship. He received his Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization from Harvard University. His major interests are American and East Asian History. GORDON MORRIS BAKKEN earned his B.S, M.S., Ph.D. and J.D. at the University of Wisconsin and joined the faculty of California State University, Fullerton, in 1969. He teaches American Legal and Constitutional History, Westward Movement, American Military Heritage, Women of the American West, Women and American Law, as well as Historical Thinking and Writing. He is the author/ editor of twenty-three books and numerous articles.

• Introduction xUnit Three: The Modern World 371Themes:ModernizationGlobalizationThe differential of powerSpontaneous European Modernization: Phase OneThe Process of Change Begins 375Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase I, New Trade Routes 376Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase II, Biology and Europe 377Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase III, Warfare, Politics, and Religion 380Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase IV, Commerce 386Simultaneous Revolutions: Phase V, the State 402Special topic The Elizabethan Era 406Suggested Reading 413The Differential of Power: Phase OneThe Americas and Africa 415Ship Technology in 1500 416Spain’s Rapid Success in the Americas after a Slow Start 422Special topic New Spain 422A Hidden Agent in the Differential of Power: Disease 423Native American Vulnerability 427The Aztecs 429The Incas 432Brazil 433Africa’s Indigenous Slave Tradition 435Special topic The Middle Passage: The Transport of Slaves on the Trans-Atlantic Trip 436The Arrival of Europe 439The Sale of Slaves 441Consequences of the Slave Trade 442Suggested Reading 446Spontaneous European Modernization: Phase TwoThe Origins of Public Opinion, the Concept of Culture, and the Nation-State 447Science, Knowledge, and Faith 447The Scientific Revolution 449Locke’s Philosophy and the Idea of Public Opinion 452The Enlightenment 458The Nation-State 470The Ideology of Revolution 472The French Revolution 474Great Britain 478Suggested Reading 482The Nation-StateDiffusion of the French-British Model 484The Central European Experience 485Central Europeans and Internal Coherence 487Suggested Reading 495The Differential of Power, Phase TwoIdeology, Medicine, and Technology Redefine Global Power 497The New Teleology 499Nation-States and Industry 510Suggested Reading 514Nation-State Formation Outside EuropeThe United States and Japan 515The United States 516Japan 525Suggested Reading 533Internal Divisions and ContradictionsRussia and Latin America 534Russia 534Latin America 550Suggested Reading 556In The Crosshairs of ModernityIndia and China 557India 557Late Imperial China: The Ming and Qing Dynasties 564Suggested Reading 583Targets of ImperialismAfrica and the Middle East 585Africa 586The Middle East 596Suggested Reading 605Unit Four: Global Violence and the Postmodern Era 607THEMES:Postmodern EraDecolonizationGlobalizationWorld War IThe Consequences of Power 611The Illusion of Progress 612The Quest for Empire and the Habits of Violence 613Danger Signs in the Short-War Phenomenon 615Misunderstanding the Short-War Phenomenon 617World War I: Total War, the Geographic Arena of Combat, Victory, and Defeat 618Suggested Reading 623TotalitarianismThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany 624Totalitarianism 625The Soviet Union 625Special topic Abandoned Marxism 631Special topic The Versailles Treaty 634Nazi Germany 634Suggested Reading 641The Inheritors of PowerThe United States and Japan 642The United States 642Japan 647Suggested Reading 655DecolonizationPhase One 656China’s Republican Revolution 656India 663The Middle East 665Latin America 670Suggested Reading 674World War II and the Beginning of the Cold WarExpanding the Potential of Self-Destruction 676World War II 676Special topic Mussolini’s Italy 681Mass Murder: A New Dimension to Global Warfare 686The Cold War: Redefining World Power after 1945 690Suggested Reading 695Global DecolonizationPhase Two 696China 696Japan 705India 711Africa 714Special topic AIDS 721The Middle East 722Latin America 728Suggested Reading 737The End of the Cold War and the Contemporary WorldThe Complex Problems Facing a Multicultural Era 739The End of the Cold War 739Special topic The Legacy of Vietnam 743The Contemporary World 745Status, Freedom, and Equality 751Population Dynamics 757Suggested Reading 760Credits C-1