World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE

Michael Borgolte, Ph.D. (1975), Humboldt-University of Berlin, is Emeritus Professor of Medieval History and Senior Researcher at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Amongst his many publications is: Christen, Juden, Muselmanen. Die Erben der Antike und der Aufstieg des Abendlandes, 300 bis 1400 n. Chr. (2006).

• AcknowledgmentsList of IllustrationsIntroduction1 Religious Basis and Sovereign Practice: Intercultural Comparisons1.1 Foundations for Gods and Ancestors 1.2 Foundations for Individuals after the Revolution of the Axial Age 1.2.1 The Reevaluation of the Individual through Foundations in Ancient Egypt 1.2.2 “Foundations for the Salvation of the Soul” in Zoroastrianism1.2.3 Genesis and Variations of Christian Foundations 1.2.4 “Foundations for Nearness to God” in Islam1.2.5 Salvation for the Soul through Foundations in Judaism?1.2.6 Foundations for Merit and Temporal Salvation: Indian Religions 1.2.7 Temporal Ethics without Divine Judgment: Confucianism and Daoism 1.3 Rulers as Founders and Policymakers of Foundations 1.3.1 Pharaohs, “Kings of the Four Regions of the World” and Hellenistic Rulers1.3.1.1 Rulers of the Ancient Kingdoms on the Nile, Euphrates and Tigris1.3.1.2 From Cyrus the Persian to Alexander of Macedon 1.3.1.3 Monarchical Euergetai 1.3.1.4 An Autocrat as Founder in the Kingdom of the Commagene1.3.2 Foundations and State Formation in India1.3.3 Ancient Founders, a Cultural Breakthrough and Orthodox Christian Rulers1.3.3.1 Foundations in the Context of State Worship and Christian Congregations1.3.3.2 Byzantine Emperors as Leaders of the Church and Great Founders 1.3.3.3 Monasteries, Emperors, Economies 1.3.3.4 The Free Monasteries 1.3.3.5 Sovereign Foundations in the Fragmentation and Spread of Orthodoxy 1.3.4 Caliphs and Their Epigones: Foundations for the Support of the Community 1.3.4.1 The Legal and Political Basis1.3.4.2 The Caliphs of Damascus and Baghdad as Founders 1.3.4.3 Regional Rulers between al-Andalus and Iran 1.3.5 Foundations Require Association: Latin Christian Kings and Princes 1.3.5.1 Laypersons, Bishops and the Accumulation of Church Property 1.3.5.2 Monasteries of “German” Kings from the 5th Century Onwards1.3.5.3 Irish Kings and Networks of Ascetics 1.3.5.4 English Minsters between “Proprietary Churches” and “Foundations” 1.3.5.5 Foundations in the Context of Carolingian Ecclesiastical Policy 1.3.5.6 The Time of Strong Founders 2 Societal Development and Philanthropic Motivations: Diversification of the Actors and Purposes2.1 China and India 2.2 Greece and Rome in Antiquity 2.3 Judaism and Muslim Lands 2.4 Greek Orthodox and Latin Christianity 3 A Transcultural Synthesis Bibliography Abbreviations and AcronymsSources Literature Index

“This book covers an impressive temporal and geographic scope, beginning in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, while investigating an array of diverse religious traditions, including Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Daoism, and Confucianism.” T. Anderson in CHOICE