Barbara R. Ambros is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is the author of Bones of Contention: Animals and Religion in Contemporary Japan and Emplacing a Pilgrimage: The Oyama Cult and Regional Religion in Early Modern Japan.

• Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Why Study Women in Japanese Religions? 1 1. The Prehistorical Japanese Archipelago: Fertility Cults and Shaman Queens 5 2. Ancient Japanese Mythology: Female Divinities and Immortals 22 3. The Introduction of Buddhism: Nuns, Lay Patrons, and Popular Devotion 40 4. The Heian Period: Women in Buddhism and Court Ritual 56 5. The Medieval Period: Buddhist Reform Movements and the Demonization of Femininity 76 6. The Edo Period: Confucianism, Nativism, and Popular Religion 97 7. Imperial Japan: Good Wives and Wise Mothers 115 8. The Postwar Period: Nostalgia, Religion, and the Reinvention of Femininity 134 9. The Lost Decades: Gender and Religion in Flux 154 Conclusion 172 Questions for Discussion 177 Notes 181 Works Cited 205 For Further Reading 221 Index 227 About the Author 237

"This concise volume provides a nuanced account of Japanese womens religious activities from ancient times to the present. Attentive to social context, historical change, and Japans religious diversity, Barbara Ambros explores the complex ways in which religious ideas and practices have both constrained women and also offered them opportunities to advance their own goals and interests. This book challenges entrenched stereotypes and makes significant strides in redressing the androcentric biases of earlier scholarship. It will benefit both students and specialists and encourage rethinking of Japanese religions from a gendered perspective." - Jacqueline Stone,Princeton University "Fills several lacunae in the landscape of Japanese religiosity in one volume. Careful research informs Ambross thoughtful interpretations of the contributions and significance of women throughout Japanese history. Scholars and students of Japan, whether of religion, history, anthropology, sociology, or gender studies, will find that this volume enables them to make more informed analyses in their respective fields. Ambros's fluid writing style makes this information-rich volume highly accessible and satisfying to read." - Paula Arai,author of Bringing Zen Home: The Healing Heart Of Japanese Women's Rituals "There is no doubtWomen in Japanese Religionsby Barbara R. Ambros is a welcome resource for students at the introductory level who want to understand Japanese religion and women. Questions for discussion are included at the end of the book, which will be of use to instructors as well." (Reading Religions) "This book is a valuable resource for students of Japanese studies, religious and gender studies, and history." (Religious Studies Review) "[] [S]heassert[s] in the final sentence of her conclusion that the study of a subject as complex as religion and gender required a perspective of the long duree and must emphasize & change and diversity in a specific, culturally bounded context, which is a project that anthropologists can endorse and perform." (Anthropology Review Database) "Ambros challenges entrenched stereotypes while providing evidence of fertility cults in prehistoric Japan and ends her discussion with an examination of the influence of feminism during the post-1990 era. The goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive perspective that entails the overarching scope of centuries; in this Ambros succeeds." (Choice) "Ambros gives careful, nuanced treatment to her subject with an array of historical instances and trends that defy simple conclusions." (Japan Review) "Bring[s] a new understanding of the many ways in which Japanese women have articulated and made use of their lived religious experiences throughout their history . . .a valuable addition to the fields of Japanese history, religious studies, and womens studies." (Japanese Journal of Religions Studies) "Ambros book is extremely interesting and informative. Her writing style is easy to read and never gets in the way of her argument." (Nova Religio) "The books contents are well balanced, covering a variety of important primary sources with well-known, historicized, and recent acclaimed scholarship in the study of Japanese religions and womens history. In doing so, the book offers not only a thought-provoking and nuanced narrative but also draws attention to the striking historical facts and long-term trends that no doubt will invite further consideration and fruitful discussions in class. Succinctly written and well edited, this book will suit both upper undergraduate and graduate courses in Japanese and East Asian studies, as well as courses in world history and religious studies." (Journal of Religion in Japan)

Barbara R. Ambros is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is the author of Bones of Contention: Animals and Religion in Contemporary Japan and Emplacing a Pilgrimage: The Oyama Cult and Regional Religion in Early Modern Japan.

• Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Why Study Women in Japanese Religions? 1 1. The Prehistorical Japanese Archipelago: Fertility Cults and Shaman Queens 5 2. Ancient Japanese Mythology: Female Divinities and Immortals 22 3. The Introduction of Buddhism: Nuns, Lay Patrons, and Popular Devotion 40 4. The Heian Period: Women in Buddhism and Court Ritual 56 5. The Medieval Period: Buddhist Reform Movements and the Demonization of Femininity 76 6. The Edo Period: Confucianism, Nativism, and Popular Religion 97 7. Imperial Japan: Good Wives and Wise Mothers 115 8. The Postwar Period: Nostalgia, Religion, and the Reinvention of Femininity 134 9. The Lost Decades: Gender and Religion in Flux 154 Conclusion 172 Questions for Discussion 177 Notes 181 Works Cited 205 For Further Reading 221 Index 227 About the Author 237

"This concise volume provides a nuanced account of Japanese womens religious activities from ancient times to the present. Attentive to social context, historical change, and Japans religious diversity, Barbara Ambros explores the complex ways in which religious ideas and practices have both constrained women and also offered them opportunities to advance their own goals and interests. This book challenges entrenched stereotypes and makes significant strides in redressing the androcentric biases of earlier scholarship. It will benefit both students and specialists and encourage rethinking of Japanese religions from a gendered perspective." - Jacqueline Stone,Princeton University "Fills several lacunae in the landscape of Japanese religiosity in one volume. Careful research informs Ambross thoughtful interpretations of the contributions and significance of women throughout Japanese history. Scholars and students of Japan, whether of religion, history, anthropology, sociology, or gender studies, will find that this volume enables them to make more informed analyses in their respective fields. Ambros's fluid writing style makes this information-rich volume highly accessible and satisfying to read." - Paula Arai,author of Bringing Zen Home: The Healing Heart Of Japanese Women's Rituals "There is no doubtWomen in Japanese Religionsby Barbara R. Ambros is a welcome resource for students at the introductory level who want to understand Japanese religion and women. Questions for discussion are included at the end of the book, which will be of use to instructors as well." (Reading Religions) "This book is a valuable resource for students of Japanese studies, religious and gender studies, and history." (Religious Studies Review) "[] [S]heassert[s] in the final sentence of her conclusion that the study of a subject as complex as religion and gender required a perspective of the long duree and must emphasize & change and diversity in a specific, culturally bounded context, which is a project that anthropologists can endorse and perform." (Anthropology Review Database) "Ambros challenges entrenched stereotypes while providing evidence of fertility cults in prehistoric Japan and ends her discussion with an examination of the influence of feminism during the post-1990 era. The goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive perspective that entails the overarching scope of centuries; in this Ambros succeeds." (Choice) "Ambros gives careful, nuanced treatment to her subject with an array of historical instances and trends that defy simple conclusions." (Japan Review) "Bring[s] a new understanding of the many ways in which Japanese women have articulated and made use of their lived religious experiences throughout their history . . .a valuable addition to the fields of Japanese history, religious studies, and womens studies." (Japanese Journal of Religions Studies) "Ambros book is extremely interesting and informative. Her writing style is easy to read and never gets in the way of her argument." (Nova Religio) "The books contents are well balanced, covering a variety of important primary sources with well-known, historicized, and recent acclaimed scholarship in the study of Japanese religions and womens history. In doing so, the book offers not only a thought-provoking and nuanced narrative but also draws attention to the striking historical facts and long-term trends that no doubt will invite further consideration and fruitful discussions in class. Succinctly written and well edited, this book will suit both upper undergraduate and graduate courses in Japanese and East Asian studies, as well as courses in world history and religious studies." (Journal of Religion in Japan)

Barbara R. Ambros is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is the author of Bones of Contention: Animals and Religion in Contemporary Japan and Emplacing a Pilgrimage: The Oyama Cult and Regional Religion in Early Modern Japan.

• Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Why Study Women in Japanese Religions? 1 1. The Prehistorical Japanese Archipelago: Fertility Cults and Shaman Queens 5 2. Ancient Japanese Mythology: Female Divinities and Immortals 22 3. The Introduction of Buddhism: Nuns, Lay Patrons, and Popular Devotion 40 4. The Heian Period: Women in Buddhism and Court Ritual 56 5. The Medieval Period: Buddhist Reform Movements and the Demonization of Femininity 76 6. The Edo Period: Confucianism, Nativism, and Popular Religion 97 7. Imperial Japan: Good Wives and Wise Mothers 115 8. The Postwar Period: Nostalgia, Religion, and the Reinvention of Femininity 134 9. The Lost Decades: Gender and Religion in Flux 154 Conclusion 172 Questions for Discussion 177 Notes 181 Works Cited 205 For Further Reading 221 Index 227 About the Author 237

"This concise volume provides a nuanced account of Japanese womens religious activities from ancient times to the present. Attentive to social context, historical change, and Japans religious diversity, Barbara Ambros explores the complex ways in which religious ideas and practices have both constrained women and also offered them opportunities to advance their own goals and interests. This book challenges entrenched stereotypes and makes significant strides in redressing the androcentric biases of earlier scholarship. It will benefit both students and specialists and encourage rethinking of Japanese religions from a gendered perspective." - Jacqueline Stone,Princeton University "Fills several lacunae in the landscape of Japanese religiosity in one volume. Careful research informs Ambross thoughtful interpretations of the contributions and significance of women throughout Japanese history. Scholars and students of Japan, whether of religion, history, anthropology, sociology, or gender studies, will find that this volume enables them to make more informed analyses in their respective fields. Ambros's fluid writing style makes this information-rich volume highly accessible and satisfying to read." - Paula Arai,author of Bringing Zen Home: The Healing Heart Of Japanese Women's Rituals "There is no doubtWomen in Japanese Religionsby Barbara R. Ambros is a welcome resource for students at the introductory level who want to understand Japanese religion and women. Questions for discussion are included at the end of the book, which will be of use to instructors as well." (Reading Religions) "This book is a valuable resource for students of Japanese studies, religious and gender studies, and history." (Religious Studies Review) "[] [S]heassert[s] in the final sentence of her conclusion that the study of a subject as complex as religion and gender required a perspective of the long duree and must emphasize & change and diversity in a specific, culturally bounded context, which is a project that anthropologists can endorse and perform." (Anthropology Review Database) "Ambros challenges entrenched stereotypes while providing evidence of fertility cults in prehistoric Japan and ends her discussion with an examination of the influence of feminism during the post-1990 era. The goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive perspective that entails the overarching scope of centuries; in this Ambros succeeds." (Choice) "Ambros gives careful, nuanced treatment to her subject with an array of historical instances and trends that defy simple conclusions." (Japan Review) "Bring[s] a new understanding of the many ways in which Japanese women have articulated and made use of their lived religious experiences throughout their history . . .a valuable addition to the fields of Japanese history, religious studies, and womens studies." (Japanese Journal of Religions Studies) "Ambros book is extremely interesting and informative. Her writing style is easy to read and never gets in the way of her argument." (Nova Religio) "The books contents are well balanced, covering a variety of important primary sources with well-known, historicized, and recent acclaimed scholarship in the study of Japanese religions and womens history. In doing so, the book offers not only a thought-provoking and nuanced narrative but also draws attention to the striking historical facts and long-term trends that no doubt will invite further consideration and fruitful discussions in class. Succinctly written and well edited, this book will suit both upper undergraduate and graduate courses in Japanese and East Asian studies, as well as courses in world history and religious studies." (Journal of Religion in Japan)