Women, Crime, and Justice

Elaine Gunnison is an Associate Professor and Graduate Director in the Criminal Justice Department at Seattle University. She is the co-author of Offender Reentry: Beyond Crime and Punishment (2013), and she has published journal articles examining criminological theories as applied to female offenders, female victimization, and women in corrections.Frances Bernat is Associate Dean in the College of Arts and Sciences at Texas A&M International University and Emeritus Professor at Arizona State University. She is the co-author of Criminal Procedure Law: Police Issues and the Supreme Court (2013) and Human Sex Trafficking (2011).Lynne Goodstein is Professor of Sociology at the University of Connecticut. She is the co-author of The American Prison (1989) and Rethinking Gender, Crime and Justice: Feminist Readings (2006); and several book chapters and journal articles on higher education, sexual assault, women and crime, corrections, and criminal sentencing.

• Acknowledgments xiiiAbout the website xv1 Foundations for understanding women and crime 1Student learning outcomes 1Introduction 1Reasons for the focus on women and crime 2Case study: Chibok kidnappings 3Concepts of importance 3Special legal issues: Legal considerations for the burqa and niqab 5Gender in criminology and criminal justice 6Global perspectives: An example of feminism in Saudi Arabia 11Feminist criminology and feminist theory 12Conclusion 13Suggested readings 13Student engagement activities 13Discussion questions 14Key terms 14References 142 Women and the crimes that they commit 19Student learning outcomes 19Introduction 19Case study: Rosemary West 22Defining crime 22Special legal issues: Differences in the defi nitions of crime 23Measuring crime 24Global perspectives: Female offenders across the globe 31Explanations for crime 32Why do women commit crime? 34Conclusion 41Suggested readings 41Student engagement activities 41Discussion questions 42Key terms 42References 423 Women convicted of crime and their punishments 51Student learning outcomes 51Introduction 51Case study: Malala Yousafzai 52Gender and sentencing 53Women in institutional custody 54Conditions specific to imprisoned women 61Special legal issues: Medical care issues 63Global perspectives: Incarcerated female offenders across the globe 65Community corrections and reentry 68Correctional programming for women 70Conclusion 72Suggested readings 72Student engagement activities 72Discussion questions 73Key terms 73References 744 Legal control over women’s bodies: Pregnancy and crime 82Student learning outcomes 82Introduction 82Case study: Aleksa Lundberg 84Involuntary sterilization and eugenics 85Global perspectives: The sterilization of women across the globe 90The criminalization of abortion 90Special legal issues: One-child family policy in China and abortions 100Criminalization of pregnant women 101Shackling of pregnant inmates giving birth 105Conclusion 108Suggested readings 108Student engagement activities 109Discussion questions 109Key terms 109References 1105 Sexual victimization 115Student learning outcomes 115Introduction 115Case study: Sexual assault in India 116Defining and prosecuting rape – then and now 118Special legal issues: Legislative changes in India 119The measurement of sexual victimization 120Text box: National Violence Against Women definitions and survey questions 121Prevalence of sexual victimization 122Theories of rape 125The social context of rape 128Text box: Common rape myths from the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale 129Types of sexual victimization 130Global perspectives: Rape in wartime 136The impact of rape on victims 136Text box: “Remember My Name”: A poem written by a rape victim 137Treatment of rape victims 139Text box: Contents of a rape kit 140Preventing sexual violence 144Conclusion 144Suggested readings 145Student engagement activities 145Discussion questions 146Key terms 146References 1476 Domestic violence 153Student learning outcomes 153Introduction 153When did society start to consider domestic violence to be a crime? 156How many people are affected by family violence? 157Global perspectives: Domestic violence across the globe 160Theory and domestic violence 161Special legal issues: Battered women syndrome defense in other countries 163What are the risk factors associated with domestic assault? 164Case study: Case A. Homicide–parasuicide involving a man killing his spouse 165Domestic violence and other domestic relationships 167Intimate partner violence and victim responses 168What has been done legally? 168Necessary criminal justice policy responses and domestic violence 170Necessary social service agencies and medical professional responses to domestic violence 171What programs exist for offenders? 173Conclusion 173Suggested readings 174Student engagement activities 174Discussion questions 175Key terms 175References 1757 Victimization enabled by technology: Cyberbullying and related crimes 181Student learning outcomes 181Introduction 181Bullying behavior and victimization 182Text box: Statistics: Bullying statistics 2010 183Global perspectives: Cyberbullying in the United Kingdom 188Case study: Cyberbullying suicide in Italy 190Cyberbullying laws 190Necessary criminal justice policy responses to cyberbullying 191Text box: Cyberbullying: What we know, What can we do? 193Necessary social and community responses to cyberbullying 194Conclusion 194Suggested readings 195Student engagement activities 195Discussion questions 195Key terms 195References 1968 Women and law enforcement 199Student learning outcomes 199Introduction 199Case study: Malalai Kakar 200History of women in policing 200Global perspectives: Entry into policing and roles 202Text box: Female police in Latin America 203Special legal issues: Legal pathways for female officers in South Africa 207Women and their employment in law enforcement 207Global perspectives: Shared experiences/distinct differences 213Conclusion 215Suggested readings 215Student engagement activities 215Discussion questions 216Key terms 216References 2169 Women in the courts 222Student learning outcomes 222Introduction 222Case study: Kate Baker 223History of women as lawyers and jurists 224Global perspectives: Entry into the legal profession for women across the globe 225Text Box: Bradwell v. State of Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (Wall., 1872) 227Women and their employment in the legal profession 231Special legal issues: Discrimination in Iran 235Text box: Women in the federal judiciary: Still a long way to go 236Global perspectives: Female judges in Syria 238Necessary legal system policy responses 239Conclusion 239Suggested readings 240Student engagement activities 240Discussion questions 240Key terms 240References 24110 Women working with post-conviction offenders 244Student learning outcomes 244Introduction 244Case study: Claire Lewis 245History of women working in jails and prisons 245Global perspectives: Entry into corrections for women across the globe 248Special legal issues: Prison law of China 250Challenges to women in the fi eld of corrections 251Global perspectives: Women in corrections across the border 257Effectiveness of women correctional workers 258Conclusion 260Suggested readings 260Student engagement activities 261Discussion questions 261Key terms 261References 26211 Conclusion 266Student learning outcomes 266Introduction 266Case study: The Australian rugby team and group sex session 269Women, feminist criminology, and criminal justice 270Global perspectives: Islamic feminism in the Middle East 271Special legal issues: UN Bangkok Rules 272Text box: International Women’s Day 2015 Theme: MAKE IT HAPPEN 272Conclusion 276Suggested readings 277Student engagement activities 277Discussion questions 277Key term 277Note 277References 278Glossary 281Index 294