Carolyn M. Byerly, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Graduate Program of Mass Communication and Media Studies, Department of Journalism, Howard University, Washington DC (USA). She teaches seminars in mass communication theory, research methods, media effects, and political communication. Recent publications include Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Karen Ross, Blackwell, 2004), "After 9/11: Formation of an Oppositional Discourse," (Feminist Media Studies, Fall 2005), and "Women and the Concentration of Media Ownership" (in R. R. Rush, C.E. Oukrop, and P. J. Creedon, Seeking Equity for Women in Journalism and Mass Communication Education, Erlbaum, 2004). Karen Ross, Ph.D., is Professor of Mass Communication at Coventry University (UK). She teaches research methods, gender politics and media, and audience studies and is has written extensively on issues of in/equality in communication and culture. Her previous books include: Gender and Newsroom Cultures: Identities at Work (with Marjan de Bruin, Hampton Press, 2004); Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Carolyn M. Byerly, Blackwell, 2004); Media and Audiences (with Virginia Nightingale, Open University Press, 2003. She is currently working on two studies relating to press coverage of elections from a gender perspective.

• Preface and acknowledgments viAbout the authors ix1 Introduction 1Part I Research on women and media: a short history 152 Women in/as entertainment 173 Images of women in news and magazines 374 Women as audience 565 Women and production: gender and the political economy of media industries 75Part II Women, media, and the public sphere: shifting the agenda 976 Toward a Model of Women’s Media Action 997 First path: politics to media 1298 Second path: media profession to politics 1559 Third path: advocate change agent 18510 Fourth path: women’s media enterprises 20811 Conclusion 231Bibliography 240Appendix: research participants 273Name index 278Subject index 284

“Byerly and Ross not only advocate but succeed in integrating theory with empirical data, and may inspire a few readers to undertake their own media action.” Linda Steiner, Rutgers University “The first comprehensive attempt to theorize women's media activism and its relationship to social change. An inspiring chronicle of feminist interventions in media systems world-wide, and a welcome bridge between scholarship and practice.”Margaret Gallagher, author of Gender Setting: New Agendas for Media Monitoring and Advocacy “The essays are forays into areas of media studies which will only grow with the growing presence and innovations of women in this central field of contemporary culture.”Midwest Book Review "A useful outline of global feminist media scholarship for students and practitioners. The book opens up new directions for future research, tempering an engagement with historical development of women's media activism with attention to the real voices and experiences of current activists and practitioners."Culture and Policy

Carolyn M. Byerly, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Graduate Program of Mass Communication and Media Studies, Department of Journalism, Howard University, Washington DC (USA). She teaches seminars in mass communication theory, research methods, media effects, and political communication. Recent publications include Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Karen Ross, Blackwell, 2004), "After 9/11: Formation of an Oppositional Discourse," (Feminist Media Studies, Fall 2005), and "Women and the Concentration of Media Ownership" (in R. R. Rush, C.E. Oukrop, and P. J. Creedon, Seeking Equity for Women in Journalism and Mass Communication Education, Erlbaum, 2004). Karen Ross, Ph.D., is Professor of Mass Communication at Coventry University (UK). She teaches research methods, gender politics and media, and audience studies and is has written extensively on issues of in/equality in communication and culture. Her previous books include: Gender and Newsroom Cultures: Identities at Work (with Marjan de Bruin, Hampton Press, 2004); Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Carolyn M. Byerly, Blackwell, 2004); Media and Audiences (with Virginia Nightingale, Open University Press, 2003. She is currently working on two studies relating to press coverage of elections from a gender perspective.

• Preface and acknowledgments viAbout the authors ix1 Introduction 1Part I Research on women and media: a short history 152 Women in/as entertainment 173 Images of women in news and magazines 374 Women as audience 565 Women and production: gender and the political economy of media industries 75Part II Women, media, and the public sphere: shifting the agenda 976 Toward a Model of Women’s Media Action 997 First path: politics to media 1298 Second path: media profession to politics 1559 Third path: advocate change agent 18510 Fourth path: women’s media enterprises 20811 Conclusion 231Bibliography 240Appendix: research participants 273Name index 278Subject index 284

“Byerly and Ross not only advocate but succeed in integrating theory with empirical data, and may inspire a few readers to undertake their own media action.” Linda Steiner, Rutgers University “The first comprehensive attempt to theorize women's media activism and its relationship to social change. An inspiring chronicle of feminist interventions in media systems world-wide, and a welcome bridge between scholarship and practice.”Margaret Gallagher, author of Gender Setting: New Agendas for Media Monitoring and Advocacy “The essays are forays into areas of media studies which will only grow with the growing presence and innovations of women in this central field of contemporary culture.”Midwest Book Review "A useful outline of global feminist media scholarship for students and practitioners. The book opens up new directions for future research, tempering an engagement with historical development of women's media activism with attention to the real voices and experiences of current activists and practitioners."Culture and Policy

Carolyn M. Byerly, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Graduate Program of Mass Communication and Media Studies, Department of Journalism, Howard University, Washington DC (USA). She teaches seminars in mass communication theory, research methods, media effects, and political communication. Recent publications include Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Karen Ross, Blackwell, 2004), "After 9/11: Formation of an Oppositional Discourse," (Feminist Media Studies, Fall 2005), and "Women and the Concentration of Media Ownership" (in R. R. Rush, C.E. Oukrop, and P. J. Creedon, Seeking Equity for Women in Journalism and Mass Communication Education, Erlbaum, 2004). Karen Ross, Ph.D., is Professor of Mass Communication at Coventry University (UK). She teaches research methods, gender politics and media, and audience studies and is has written extensively on issues of in/equality in communication and culture. Her previous books include: Gender and Newsroom Cultures: Identities at Work (with Marjan de Bruin, Hampton Press, 2004); Women and Media: International Perspectives (edited with Carolyn M. Byerly, Blackwell, 2004); Media and Audiences (with Virginia Nightingale, Open University Press, 2003. She is currently working on two studies relating to press coverage of elections from a gender perspective.

• Preface and acknowledgments viAbout the authors ix1 Introduction 1Part I Research on women and media: a short history 152 Women in/as entertainment 173 Images of women in news and magazines 374 Women as audience 565 Women and production: gender and the political economy of media industries 75Part II Women, media, and the public sphere: shifting the agenda 976 Toward a Model of Women’s Media Action 997 First path: politics to media 1298 Second path: media profession to politics 1559 Third path: advocate change agent 18510 Fourth path: women’s media enterprises 20811 Conclusion 231Bibliography 240Appendix: research participants 273Name index 278Subject index 284

“Byerly and Ross not only advocate but succeed in integrating theory with empirical data, and may inspire a few readers to undertake their own media action.” Linda Steiner, Rutgers University “The first comprehensive attempt to theorize women's media activism and its relationship to social change. An inspiring chronicle of feminist interventions in media systems world-wide, and a welcome bridge between scholarship and practice.”Margaret Gallagher, author of Gender Setting: New Agendas for Media Monitoring and Advocacy “The essays are forays into areas of media studies which will only grow with the growing presence and innovations of women in this central field of contemporary culture.”Midwest Book Review "A useful outline of global feminist media scholarship for students and practitioners. The book opens up new directions for future research, tempering an engagement with historical development of women's media activism with attention to the real voices and experiences of current activists and practitioners."Culture and Policy