Wireless Video Communications

Lajos Hanzo has enjoyed a prolific 24-year career during which he has held various research and academic positions in Hungary, Germany, and the United Kingdom. He has coauthored five books on mobile radio communications and published over 300 research papers on a variety of topics. Dr. Hanzo’s research interests cover the entire spectrum of mobile multimedia communications, including voice, audio, video and graphic source compression, channel coding, modulation, networking and the joint optimization of these system components. He holds a chair in communications in the Department of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton, England, and he is a consultant to Multiple Access Communications Ltd. Peter J. Cherriman graduated in 1994 with an M.Eng. In information engineering from the University of Southampton. Since 1994, he has been with the Department of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton, where he completed his Ph.D. in mobile video networking. Dr. Cherriman is working on projects for the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence, U.K. His current areas of research include robust video coding, microcellular radio systems, power control, dynamic channel allocation, and multiple access protocols.Jurgen Streit received his Diploma in electronic engineering from the Aachen University of Technology, Germany, in 1993. Since 1992 he has been with the Department of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton, working with the Mobile Multimedia Communications Research Group. Dr. Streit earned a Ph.D. in image coding, and he is currently working as a software consultant.

• Preface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxixContributors xxxiI Transmission Issues 11 Information Theory 31.1 Issues in Information Theory 31.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 71.3 Information of a Source 111.4 Average Information of Discrete Memoryless Sources 121.5 Source Coding for a Discrete Memoryless Source 151.6 Average Information of Discrete Sources Exhibiting Memory 221.7 Examples 251.8 Generating Model Sources 281.9 Run-Length Coding for Discrete Sources Exhibiting Memory 311.10 Information Transmission via Discrete Channels 341.11 Capacity of Discrete Channels 491.12 Shannon's Channel Coding Theorem 531.13 Capacity of Continuous Channels 551.14 Shannon's Message and Its Implications for Wireless Channels . . . . 621.15 Summary and Conclusions 652 The Propagation Environment 672.1 The Cellular Concept 672.2 Radio Wave Propagation 712.3 Summary and Conclusions 923 Convolutional Channel Coding 933.1 Brief Channel Coding History 933.2 Convolutional Encoding 943.3 State and Trellis Transitions 963.4 The Viterbi Algorithm 983.5 Summary and Conclusions 1064 Block-Based Channel Coding 1074.1 Introduction 1074.2 Finite Fields 1084.3 Reed-Solomon and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Block Codes . . . . 1144.4 RS and BCH Codec Performance 1564.5 Summary and Conclusions 1585 Modulation and Transmission Techniques 1615.1 Modulation Issues 1615.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 1975.3 Packet Reservation Multiple Access 2015.4 Flexible Transceiver Architecture 2025.5 Summary and Conclusions 2046 Video Traffic Modeling and Multiple Access 2056.1 Video Traffic Modeling 2056.2 Multiple Access 2236.3 Summary and Conclusions 2437 Co-Channel Interference 2477.1 Introduction 2477.2 Factors Controlling Co-Channel Interference 2487.3 Theoretical Signal-to-Interference Ratio 2527.4 Simulation Parameters 2557.5 Results for Multiple Interferers 2587.6 Results for a Single Interferer 2697.7 Summary and Conclusions 2848 Channel Allocation 2878.1 Introduction 2878.2 Overview of Channel Allocation 2888.3 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms 2998.4 Performance Comparisons 3108.5 Summary and Conclusions 3359 Second-Generation Mobile Systems 3399.1 The Wireless Communications Scene 3399.2 Global System for Mobile Communications — GSM 34210 CDMA Systems: Third-Generation and Beyond 36510.1 Introduction 36510.2 Basic CDMA System 36610.3 Third-Generation Wireless Mobile Communication Systems 39210.4 Summary and Conclusions 455II Video Systems Based on Proprietary Video Codecs 45711 Fractal Image Codecs 45911.1 Fractal Principles 45911.2 One-Dimensional Fractal Coding 46211.3 Error Sensitivity and Complexity 47111.4 Summary and Conclusions 47312 Very Low Bit-Rate DCT Codecs 47512.1 Video Codec Outline 47512.2 The Principle of Motion Compensation 47712.3 Transform Coding 49212.4 The Codec Outline 49912.5 Initial Intra-Prame Coding 50212.6 Gain-Controlled Motion Compensation 50212.7 The MCER Active/Passive Concept . 50312.8 Partial Forced Update of the Reconstructed Frame Buffers 50412.9 The Gain/Cost-Controlled Inter-Frame Codec 50612.10 The Bit-Allocation Strategy 50912.11Results 51012.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions 51212.13 DCT-Based Low-Rate Video Transceivers 51612.14 System Performance 52412.15 Summary and Conclusions 53513 VQ Codecs and Multimode Video Transceivers 53713.1 Introduction 53713.2 The Codebook Design 53713.3 The Vector Quantizer Design 54113.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 55013.5 VQ-Based Low-Rate Video Transceivers 55413.6 System Performance 55813.7 Summary and Conclusions 56414 Low Bit-Rate Parametric Quad-Tree-Based Codecs and Multimode Videophone Transceivers 56714.1 Introduction 56714.2 Quad-Tree Decomposition 56814.3 Quad-Tree Intensity Match 57114.4 Model-Based Parametric Enhancement 57614.5 The Enhanced QT Codec 58214.6 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 58314.7 QT-Codec-Based Video Transceivers 58614.8 QT-Based Video-Transceiver Performance 59114.9 Summary of QT-Based Video Transceivers 59514.lOSummary of Low-Rate Codecs/Transceivers 595III High-Resolution Image Coding 60115 Low-Complexity Techniques 60315.1 Introduction and Video Formats 60315.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 60815.3 Block Truncation Coding 61315.4 Subband Coding 61815.5 Run-Length-Based Intra-Frame Subband Coding 63015.6 Summary and Conclusions 63716 High-Resolution DCT Coding 63916.1 Introduction 63916.2 Intra-Frame Quantizer Training 63916.3 Motion Compensation for High-Quality Images 64416.4 Inter-Frame DCT Coding 65016.5 The Proposed Codec 65816.6 Summary and Conclusions 669IV Video Systems Based on Standard Video Codecs 67317 An ARQ-Assisted H.261-Based Reconfigurable Multilevel Videophone System 67517.1 Introduction 67517.2 The H.261 Video Coding Standard 67517.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on the H.261 Codec 69217.4 A Wireless Reconfigurable Videophone System 71017.5 H.261-Based Wireless Videophone System Performance 72117.6 Summary and Conclusions 73118 Comparison of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs 73318.1 Introduction 73318.2 The H.263 Coding Algorithms 73518.3 Performance Results 75718.4 Summary and Conclusions 77619 A H.263 Videophone System for Use over Mobile Channels 77719.1 Introduction 77719.2 H.263 in a Mobile Environment 777 19.3 Design of an Error-Resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System . . . . 78119.4 H.263-Based Video System Performance 79019.5 Transmission Feedback 80619.6 Summary and Conclusions 81620 Error Rate Based Power Control 81920.1 Background 81920.2 Power Control Algorithm 81920.3 Performance of the Power Control 82420.4 Multimode Performance 83220.5 Average Transmission Power 83420.6 Optimization of Power Control Parameters 83820.7 Power Control Performance at Various Speeds 84520.8 Multiple Interferers 85520.9 Summary and Conclusions 85921 Adaptive Single-Carrier, Multicarrier, and CDMA-based Video Systems 86121.1 Turbo-equalised H.263-based videophony for GSM/GPRS 86121.2 Adaptive QAM-based Wireless Videophony 87521.3 UMTS-like Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony 89421.4 H.263/OFDM-Based Video Systems for Frequency-Selective Wireless Networks 90821.5 Adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-Based Videotelephony 92721.6 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers 95021.7 Satellite-Based Video Broadcasting 99621.8 Summary and Conclusions 101821.9 Wireless Video System Design Principles 1020Glossary 1023Bibliography 1033Subject Index 1065Author Index 1081About the Authors 1093