Wireless Communications Systems

RANDY L. HAUPT, PHD, is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Colorado School of Mines and consults for industry and government. He retired from the USAF as a LtCol and was an RF staff consultant at Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Corp.

• Preface xiiiSymbols and Acronyms xv1 Introduction 11.1 Historical Development of Wireless Communications 11.2 Information 41.3 Wired Communications 71.4 Spectrum 91.5 Communication System 12Problems 13References 152 Signals and Bits 172.1 Analog Baseband Signals 172.2 Digital Baseband Signals 212.3 Source Coding 222.4 Line Coding 262.5 Bandwidth 272.6 Signal Level 282.7 Noise and Interference 292.8 Converting Analog to Digital 362.9 Channel Coding 392.10 Repetition 402.11 Parity Bits 402.12 Redundancy Checking 422.13 Error Correcting Codes (ECC) 452.13.1 Block Codes 452.13.2 Convolutional Codes 472.14 Interleaving 482.15 Eye Diagram 502.16 Intersymbol Interference 512.17 Raised-Cosine Filter 542.18 Equalization 57Problems 62References 673 Passband Signals 713.1 Carrier 713.2 Amplitude-Modulated Signals 723.3 Frequency-Modulated Signals 803.4 Phase-Modulated Signals 843.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 903.6 Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 923.7 BER of Digital Signals 943.8 Multiplexing in Time and Frequency 943.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 953.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 963.8.3 Multiple Access 973.9 Spread Spectrum 1003.9.1 Interference 1013.9.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 1013.9.3 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 1033.9.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 104Problems 106References 1094 Antennas 1114.1 Signal Properties that Influence Antenna Design 1114.1.1 Impedance 1114.1.2 Gain 1124.1.3 Polarization 1134.1.4 Bandwidth 1154.2 Common Antennas 1164.2.1 Point Sources 1164.2.2 Wire Antennas 1174.2.3 Aperture Antennas 1254.2.4 Microstrip Antennas 1284.3 Antenna Arrays 1304.3.1 Element Placement 1314.3.1.1 Linear Array 1314.3.1.2 Arbitrary Array Layouts 1344.4 Electronic Beam Steering 1364.5 Element Pattern 1374.6 Low Sidelobes 1384.7 Moving a Null to Reject Interference 1404.8 Null Filling 1424.9 Multiple Beams 1444.10 Antennas for Wireless Applications 1464.10.1 Handset Antennas 1464.10.2 Cellular Base Station Antennas 1514.10.3 Reflector Antennas 1564.10.4 Antennas for Microwave Links 1594.11 Diversity 1624.11.1 Spatial Diversity 1624.11.2 Frequency Diversity 1654.11.3 Polarization Diversity 1654.11.4 Time Diversity 166Problems 166References 1705 Propagation in the Channel 1735.1 Free Space Propagation 1745.2 Reflection and Refraction 1755.3 Multipath 1795.4 Antennas over the Earth 1815.5 Earth Surface 1865.6 Diffraction 1905.6.1 Fresnel Diffraction 1905.6.2 Diffraction from Multiple Obstacles 1945.6.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 1985.7 Signal Fading 2025.7.1 Small-Scale Fading Models 2055.7.1.1 Rayleigh Fading 2055.7.1.2 Rician Fading 2095.7.2 Approximate Channel Models 2125.7.3 Large-Scale Fading 2145.7.4 Channel Ray-Tracing Models 2175.8 Doppler Effects 2195.9 Fade Margin 2235.10 Atmospheric Propagation 224Problems 234References 2386 Satellite Communications 2416.1 Early Development of Satellite Communications 2416.2 Satellite Orbits 2456.3 Satellite Link Budget 2546.4 Bent Pipe Architecture 2596.5 Multiple Beams 2596.6 Stabilization 261Problems 262References 2637 RFID 2677.1 Historical Development 2677.2 RFID System Overview 2707.3 Tag Data 2737.4 Tag Classes 2747.4.1 Passive Tags 2747.4.2 Tags with Batteries or Supercapacitors 2777.4.2.1 Semi-Passive Tags 2777.4.2.2 Active Tags 2787.5 Data Encoding and Modulation 2797.6 Reader-Tag Communication 2817.6.1 Near Field 2817.6.2 Far Field 2857.6.2.1 Multiple Readers in an Interrogation Zone 2857.6.2.2 Backscatter Communication 2887.6.2.3 Chipless Tags 293Problems 295References 2968 Direction Finding 3018.1 Direction Finding with a Main Beam 3018.1.1 Array Output Power 3028.1.2 Periodogram 3048.1.3 Wullenweber Array 3058.2 Direction Finding with a Null 3078.3 Adcock Arrays 3088.4 Eigenbeams 3108.5 Direction Finding Algorithms 3138.5.1 Capon’s Minimum Variance 3138.5.2 Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition 3158.5.3 MUSIC Algorithm 3168.5.4 Root MUSIC 3178.5.5 Maximum Entropy Method 3188.5.6 ESPRIT 3198.5.7 Estimating and Finding Sources 321Problems 322References 3229 Adaptive Arrays 3259.1 The Need for Adaptive Nulling 3259.2 Beam Cancellation 3279.3 Optimum Weights 3289.4 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm 3299.5 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm 3329.6 Adaptive Algorithms Based on Power Minimization 3349.6.1 Random Search Algorithms 3359.6.2 Output Power Minimization Algorithms 3389.6.3 Beam Switching 3409.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas 340Problems 342References 34210 MIMO 34510.1 Types of MIMO 34510.2 The Channel Matrix 34910.3 Recovering the Transmitted Signal Using the Channel Matrix 35210.3.1 CSIR and CSIT 35210.3.2 Waterfilling Algorithm 35610.3.3 CSIR and No CSIT 360Problems 361References 36211 Security 36511.1 Wireless Networks 36511.1.1 Addresses on a Network 36511.1.2 Types of Wireless Local Area Networks 36711.1.3 WLAN Examples 37011.2 Threats 37311.3 Securing Data 37611.3.1 Cryptography 37611.3.2 Secret Key Cryptography 37911.3.3 Public Key Cryptography 37911.3.4 Hashing 38011.4 Defenses 381Problems 384References 38512 Biological Effects of RF Fields 38912.1 RF Heating 38912.2 RF Dosimetry 39312.3 RF Radiation Hazards 39612.3.1 Base Stations 39712.3.2 Cell Phones 39712.3.3 Medical Tests 39712.4 Modeling RF Interactions with Humans 39812.5 Harmful Effects of RF Radiation 400Problems 400References 401Appendix A MATLAB Tips 405A.1 Introduction 405A.2 Plotting Hint 406Appendix B OSI Layers 407B.1 Layer 1: Physical 407B.2 Layer 2: Data Link 407B.3 Layer 3: Network 407B.4 Layer 4: Transport 408B.5 Layer 5: Session 408B.6 Layer 6: Presentation 408B.7 Layer 7: Application 409Appendix C Cellular Generations 411References 412Appendix D Bluetooth 413References 414Appendix E Wi-Fi 415References 416Appendix F Software-Defined Radios 419F.1 SDR Basics 419F.2 SDR Hardware 421F.3 SDR Software 422F.4 Cognitive Radio 423References 423Index 425