Wind Energy Explained

James Manwell is a professor of Mechanical Engineering the University of Massachusetts and the Director of the Wind Energy Center there. He hold an M.S. in Electrical and Computer engineering and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. he has been involved with a wide range of wind energy research areas since the mid 1970's. These range from wind turbine dynamics to wind hybrid power systems. His most recent research has focused on the assessment of external conditions related to the design of offshore wind turbines. he has participated in activities of the International Energy Agency, the International Electrotechnical Commission and the International Science Panel on Renewable Energies. He lives in Conway, Massachusetts. John McGowan a professor Mechanical Engineering at the University of Massachusetts and the co-Director of the Wind Energy Center there. He holds an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. During his forty plus years at the University he has developed and taught a number of fundamental undergraduate/graduate engineering courses in renewable energy and energy conversion. His research and graduate student supervision at UMass has produced approximately 200 technical papers in a wide range of energy conversion applications. His recent research interests in wind engineering have been concentrated in the areas of wind system siting, hybrid systems modeling, economics, and offshore wind engineering. Professor McGowan is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and editor of Wind Engineering journal. He lives in Northfield, Massachusetts.Anthony Rogers holds both and M.S. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts and was formerly a senior research engineer in the Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (now the Wind Energy center) there. He is presently a senior engineer at DNV Global Energy Concepts. He has had a long career in the wind energy field, and has been involved with a wide range of topics. These have included wind turbine monitoring and control and the application of remote sensing devices. He lives in Amherst, Massachusetts.

• About the Authors ix Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 11.1 Modern Wind Turbines 21.2 History of Wind Energy 10References 212 Wind Characteristics and Resources 232.1 Introduction 232.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 242.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 362.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 532.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates UsingStatistical Techniques 632.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 652.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 722.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 742.9 Advanced Topics 84References 873 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 913.1 General Overview 913.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 923.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 963.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 1013.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 1153.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 1173.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 1213.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 1243.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 1313.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 1333.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 1383.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 1393.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 1413.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145References 1534 Mechanics and Dynamics 1574.1 Background 1574.2 Wind Turbine Loads 1584.3 General Principles of Mechanics 1614.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 1724.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200References 2025 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 2055.1 Overview 2055.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 2065.3 Power Transformers 2175.4 Electrical Machines 2195.5 Power Converters 2375.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 2465.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253References 2556 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 2576.1 Overview 2576.2 Material Fatigue 2576.3 Wind Turbine Materials 2666.4 Machine Elements 2706.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276References 3087 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 3117.1 Overview 3117.2 Design Procedure 3127.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 3167.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 3227.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 3257.6 Load Scaling Relations 3337.7 Power Curve Prediction 3367.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 3407.9 Design Evaluation 3457.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346References 3558 Wind Turbine Control 3598.1 Introduction 3598.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 3648.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 3708.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 3748.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382References 4049 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 4079.1 General Overview 4079.2 Wind Turbine Siting 4089.3 Installation and Operation Issues 4169.4 Wind Farms 4199.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433References 44610 Wind Energy Applications 44910.1 General Overview 44910.2 Distributed Generation 45010.3 Hybrid Power Systems 45010.4 Offshore Wind Energy 46110.5 Operation in Severe Climates 47810.6 Special Purpose Applications 48010.7 Energy Storage 48910.8 Fuel Production 497References 50111 Wind Energy System Economics 50511.1 Introduction 50511.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 50611.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 51111.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 51911.5 Value of Wind Energy 52111.6 Economic Analysis Methods 53011.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539References 54312 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 54712.1 Introduction 54712.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 54912.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 55612.4 Wind Turbine Noise 56112.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 57312.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 58212.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585References 589Appendix A Nomenclature 593A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593A.2 Chapter 2 593A.3 Chapter 3 595A.4 Chapter 4 597A.5 Chapter 5 601A.6 Chapter 6 604A.7 Chapter 7 606A.8 Chapter 8 607A.9 Chapter 9 608A.10 Chapter 10 610A.11 Chapter 11 612A.12 Chapter 12 613A.13 Abbreviations 614Appendix B Problems 617B.1 Problem Solving 617B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661C.1 Overview 661C.2 Data Analysis 661C.3 Data Synthesis 671References 675Index 677