Wind Energy Essentials

Societal, Economic, and Environmental Impacts

Inbunden, Engelska, 2015

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Examines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project.This book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are: Discusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communitiesProvides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographsOffers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energyModels chapters around an existing university curriculumSpanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, Wind Energy Essentials is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2015-05-29
Mått164 x 241 x 37 mm
Vikt966 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor512
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781118877890

Tillhör följande kategorier

Energiteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Richard Walker has many years of experience in both the electric power and the wind energy industries, in addition to teaching wind energy at Texas Tech University. During his career, he has been involved in electric transmission engineering, solar energy, research and development, state and federal governmental affairs, and the development of over 1,600 MW of wind farms currently in operation (including the first utility-scale wind farm in Texas and the 782 MW Roscoe wind farm, which for several years was the world's largest wind energy project). Andrew Swift is presently Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Associate Director of the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University, where his focus is on wind energy education and workforce development. His previous academic appointments include Director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at Texas Tech and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso.

Preface xiiiForeword xvAbout the Authors xviiDedication and Acknowledgments xix1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society 11.1 What are “Social and Environmental Impacts”? 11.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery 21.3 Impact of Electricity on Society 201.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production 281.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third World Countries 321.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity 32References 322 The Basics of Electricity 342.1 Units of Electrical Measurement 342.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment 362.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry 392.4 Frequently Asked Questions 40Reference 473 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity 483.1 Defining Renewable Energy 483.2 Sources and Uses of Energy 513.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States 533.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States 533.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States 583.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy 593.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States 603.8 Wind Resources in the United States 623.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States 67References 704 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity 714.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines 714.2 Atmospheric Science 854.3 Wind Statistics 945 The Wind Energy Development Process 1005.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project 1005.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project 1035.3 Potential “Fatal Flaws” 1045.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process 1055.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project 1065.6 Major Steps in the Early Stage Wind Project Development Process 1075.7 Major Steps in Latter Stage Wind Energy Project Development 1115.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project 1135.9 Conclusions 114References 1146 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy 1156.1 The Need to Understand and Respond 1156.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach 1176.3 General Categorization of Issues 119Reference 1217 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges 1227.1 Overview of Wildlife-Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry 1227.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development’s Impact on Wildlife 1237.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development 1247.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as Chapter 7 of the USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines 1257.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades 1287.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions 1317.7 Avian Species of Concern 1337.8 Bat Deaths due to Wind Energy Development 1367.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife 1407.10 Conclusions 141References 1418 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues 1458.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans 1458.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms 1468.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines 1478.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines 1498.5 Noise Ordinances 1508.6 Technological Advances that can Reduce Turbine Noise 1518.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation 1528.8 Shadow Flicker 1538.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker 1548.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields 1558.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects 1568.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes 1568.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues 1578.14 Conclusions 158References 1589 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues 1609.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues 1609.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans are Involved (in any Industry) 1619.3 Ice Shedding 1619.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues 1639.5 Blade Throw 1639.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues 1649.7 Risk of Fire 1649.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire 1659.9 Lightning 1659.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail 1679.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic 1679.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues 1689.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines 1719.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues 1719.15 Conclusions 174References 17410 Wind Energy’s Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications 17510.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation 17510.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process 17610.3 FAA Screening Tools 17710.4 FAA Requirements for Marking or Lighting of Obstructions 18110.5 Marking and/or Lighting of Meteorological Towers 18410.6 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Aviation or Navigation Radar 18510.7 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Weather Radar 18910.8 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Telecommunications 190References 19211 Other Environmental Issues of Wind Energy Development: Aesthetics, Cultural Resources, Land Use Compatibility, Water Resources, and Site Restoration 19411.1 Aesthetic Issues: Wind Energy’s Impact on Scenery or Viewshed 19411.2 Mitigating Aesthetic Impacts and Issues 20211.3 Impact of Wind Energy on Cultural Resources 20211.4 Compatibility of Wind Energy Development with Existing Land Use 20411.5 Impact of Wind Energy Development on Water Resources 21311.6 Removal of Retired Equipment and Restoration of Property 21511.7 Best Management Practices for Decommissioning of Wind Energy Projects (from USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines), 216References 21712 Impact of Wind Energy on the Electric Grid 21812.1 Overview of Wind Integration Issues 21812.2 The Electric Grid 21912.3 Wind Penetration 22112.4 Issues that Arise due to Integration of Wind Energy 22212.5 Capability of Wind Turbines to Meet Applicable Standards for Grid Interconnection 23012.6 Conclusions 232References 23313 Non Wind Renewable Energy Sources Used to Meet Electricity Needs 23413.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation: Attributes That Will Be Considered 23413.2 Renewable Energy Generation Resources in the United States 23513.3 Hydroelectric Generation 23513.4 Solar Energy 23813.5 Biomass Energy 24313.6 Municipal Solid Waste 24513.7 Landfill Gas 24613.8 Geothermal Energy 24813.9 Energy from the Ocean: Tidal Power and Wave Power 25013.10 Hydrogen 253References 25514 Nonrenewable Energy Sources Used to Meet Electricity Needs 25614.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation 25614.2 Processes or Technologies Used to Produce Electricity 25714.3 Comparing Efficiencies of Generation Technologies 25914.4 Generation Resources in the United States 26114.5 Nuclear Energy 26114.6 Coal-Fired Generation 26614.7 Natural Gas–Fired Generation 27014.8 Oil-Fired Generation 27314.9 Methane Hydrates 274References 27615 Energy Efficiency and Conservation: “Less is More” and “Doing Without” 27715.1 Overview 27715.2 Concepts 27815.3 Consumer Efficiency and DSM 28315.4 Generation and Transmission Efficiency 28815.5 Conserving Resources and Reducing Emissions 29215.6 Positive Attributes of Energy Efficiency and Conservation 29415.7 Limits to Electric Energy Efficiency and Conservation 294References 29716 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 29816.1 Overview 29816.2 The Greenhouse Effect 29816.3 Fossil Fuels and their Contribution to GHG Levels 30116.4 International Political and Economic Issues of Controlling GHG Emissions 30616.5 Public Opinion and Policy 30616.6 Potential Effects of Global Climate Change 31016.7 Methods and Costs of Mitigation 31216.8 Conclusions 313References 31317 Siting and Permitting of Electric Generation Projects 31517.1 Federal Law, Regulations, and Permitting Requirements 31517.2 Federal Permits, Approvals, or Consultations 32017.3 State and Local Permitting 32217.4 Public Opposition to Power Plants and Transmission Lines 32417.5 Examples of Renewable Energy Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 32517.6 Examples of Fossil-Fueled or Nuclear Generation Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 32617.7 Transmission Line Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals 32917.8 Checklist for Governmental Approvals 330References 33118 Economics of Electricity Generation 33318.1 Sources of Electricity Generation 33318.2 Electrical Demand versus Supply 33418.3 Marginal Cost of Electricity/Energy Value 33518.4 Effect of Generation Resource Diversity on Electricity Market Price 33718.5 Capacity Value of Electric Generation 33918.6 Effect of Capacity Factor on the Economics of Electricity Generation 34018.7 Effect of Expected Useful Life or Economic Life of Power Plants on the Economics of Electricity Generation 34218.8 Book Depreciation versus Depreciation for Tax Purposes 34318.9 Ad Valorem or Property Taxes 34618.10 Federal Support and Subsidies 34718.11 Environmental Externalities 35218.12 Using Levelized Cost of Energy to Compare Competing Technologies 35318.13 Conclusions 355References 35619 Economic Impacts and Benefits of Wind Energy Projects and Other Sources of Electric Generation 35719.1 Introduction 35719.2 Potential Economic Benefits of Electric Generation Projects 35719.3 Potentially Detrimental Economic Impacts of Electric Generation Projects 36019.4 Tax Abatements or other Incentives to Attract Generation Projects 36319.5 Summary of Studies Assessing the Economic Impacts of Wind Plants 36419.6 Studies on Economic Benefits of Non-Wind Electric Generation Projects 36919.7 Opportunities Created by a Transition to a “Clean Energy Economy” 37019.8 Conclusions 372References 37220 Environmental Impacts and Economics of Offshore Wind Energy 37420.1 Offshore Wind Resource Areas in the United States 37420.2 Economics of Offshore Wind vs. Onshore Wind 37820.3 Environmental Impacts Unique to Offshore Wind Energy 37920.4 Potential Impact of Hurricanes 381References 38121 State and National Energy Policies 38321.1 Introduction 38321.2 History of US Energy Policy 38421.3 Keys Issues within Energy Policy 38721.4 Energy Imports 38821.5 Governmental Mandates, Targets, or Goals 39121.6 Federal Tax Incentives 39321.7 Public Benefit Funds 39621.8 Feed-in Tariffs 39721.9 Net Metering 39821.10 Research and Development 39921.11 Increasing Restrictions on Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Emissions 40021.12 Carbon Taxes/Cap-and-Trade Programs 40221.13 Conclusions 403References 40422 Global Wind Energy Policy and Development 40522.1 Introduction 40522.2 Renewable Energy Development—A Global Perspective 40522.3 The Wind Energy Industry’s Role in the Global Energy Market 40722.4 Wind Energy by Region 41622.5 Conclusions 426References 42723 Wind Energy Workforce, Education, and Jobs 42923.1 Historic Growth of the Wind Energy Industry 42923.2 Sectors and Locations of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry 42923.3 Projected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry 43823.4 Types of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry 440References 44424 The Future of Electric Energy 44624.1 Supply and Use Projections of Fossil Fuels 44624.2 Eighty Percent Renewables by 2050 44924.3 Wind Energy Research and Development 45024.4 Smart Grid/Infrastructure Updates 45024.5 The Consumer of the Future/Consumer Applications 45224.6 Energy Storage 45224.7 Clean Energy Transportation: The Role for Wind Energy and Other Renewables in Reducing National Dependence on Petroleum Imports 45324.8 Energy and Clean Water: Using Wind to Desalinate and Purify Water 45424.9 Electrification in Third-World Countries 455References 455Appendix A Wind Energy Reference Tables for Units, Conversions, Symbols, and Energy Equivalents 457Appendix B List of Acronyms 464Appendix C Glossary 468Index 479