DAVID A. SNOW, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine, USA.SARAH A. SOULE, PhD, is the Morgridge Professor of Organizational Behavior at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, USA.HANSPETER KRIESI, PhD, holds the Stein Rokkan Chair in Comparative Politics at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and is the principal investigator of the ERC Advanced Grant, Political Conflict in the Shadow of the Great Recession.HOLLY J. McCAMMON, PhD, is Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Sociology at Vanderbilt University, USA.

• Notes on Contributors ixIntroduction: Mapping and Opening Up the Terrain 1David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammonPART 1 FACILITATIVE AND CONSTRAINING CONTEXTS AND CONDITIONS 171 The Political Context of Social Movements 19Doug McAdam and Sidney Tarrow2 The Role of Threat in Collective Action 43Paul D. Almeida3 The Cultural Context of Social Movements 63James M. Jasper and Francesca Polletta4 The Resource Context of Social Movements 79Bob Edwards, John D. McCarthy, and Dane R. Mataic5 The Ecological and Spatial Contexts of Social Movements 98Yang Zhang and Dingxin Zhao6 Social Movements and Transnational Context: Institutions,Strategies, and Conflicts 115Clifford Bob7 Social Movements and Mass Media in a Global Context 131Deana A. Rohlinger and Catherine Corrigall]BrownPART II SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS, FIELDS, AND DYNAMICS 1498 Networks and Fields 151Nick Crossley and Mario Diani9 Social Movement Organizations 167Edward T. Walker and Andrew W. Martin10 Bringing Leadership Back In 185Marshall Ganz and Elizabeth McKenna11 How Social Movements Interact with Organizations and Fields: Protest, Institutions, and Beyond 203Fabio Rojas and Brayden G. King12 Infighting and Insurrection 220Amin Ghaziani and Kelsy Kretschmer13 Diffusion Processes Within and Across Movements 236Sarah A. Soule and Conny Roggeband14 Coalitions and the Organization of Collective Action 252Megan E. Brooker and David S. MeyerPART III SOCIAL MOVEMENT STRATEGIES AND TACTICS 26915 Tactics and Strategic Action 271Brian Doherty and Graeme Hayes16 Technology and Social Media 289Jennifer Earl17 Social Movements and Litigation 306Steven A. Boutcher and Holly J. McCammon18 Social Movements in Interaction with Political Parties 322Swen Hutter, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Jasmine Lorenzini19 Violence vs Nonviolence as Strategic Alternatives 338Kurt Schock and Chares Demetriou20 Art and Social Movements 354Lilian MathieuPART IV MICROSTRUCTURAL AND SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS 36921 Individual Participation in Street Demonstrations 371Jacquelien Van Stekelenburg, Bert Klandermans, and Stefaan Walgrave22 The Framing Perspective on Social Movements: Its Conceptual Roots and Architecture 392David A. Snow, Rens Vliegenthart, and Pauline Ketelaars23 Emotions in Social Movements 411Justin Van Ness and Erika Summers]Effler24 Collective Identity in Social Movements: Assessing the Limits of a Theoretical Framework 429Cristina Flesher FominayaPART V CONSEQUENCES AND OUTCOMES 44725 The Political Institutions, Processes, and Outcomes Movements Seek to Influence 449Edwin Amenta, Kenneth T. Andrews, and Neal Caren26 Economic Outcomes of Social Movements 466Marco Giugni and Maria T. Grasso27 The Cultural Outcomes of Social Movements 482Nella Van Dyke and Verta Taylor28 Biographical Consequences of Activism 499Florence Passy and Gian]Andrea MonschPART VI THEMATIC INTERSECTIONS 51529 Social Class and Social Movements 517Barry Eidlin and Jasmine Kerrissey30 Gender and Social Movements 537Heather McKee Hurwitz and Alison Dahl Crossley31 Race, Ethnicity, and Social Movements 553Peter B. Owens, Rory McVeigh, and David Cunningham32 Bringing the Study of Religion and Social Movements Together: Toward an Analytically Productive Intersection 571David A. Snow and Kraig Beyerlein33 Human Rights and Social Movements: From the Boomerang Pattern to a Sandwich Effect 586Kiyoteru Tsutsui and Jackie Smith34 Globalization and Social Movements 602Massimiliano Andretta, Donatella Della Porta, and Clare Saunders35 Political Extremism and Social Movements 618Robert Futrell, Pete Simi, and Anna E. Tan36 Nationalism, Nationalist Movements, and Social Movement Theory 635Hank Johnston37 War, Peace, and Social Movements 651David S. Meyer and Sidney Tarrow38 Authoritarian Regimes and Social Movements 666Xi Chen and Dana M. Moss39 Revolution and Social Movements 682Jack A. Goldstone and Daniel P. Ritter40 Terrorism and Social Movements 698Colin J. Beck and Eric W. SchoonIndex