What Makes Humans Unique

Michael Robbins is a psychoanalyst, member of the American and International Psychoanalytic Societies, former professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and author of 5 previous books and more than 40 articles in refereed journals.

• 1. Psychoanalysis and the Structures of Mind  2. The Mental Structure Humans Share with Other Primates and the Structure that is Unique  3. History of the Concept of Two Mental Structures from Psychoanalysis and Other Disciplines  4. The Distinctive Languages of Each Mental Structure  5. The Structure Common to All Species and its Manifestations  6. Acquisition of the Second Mental Structure During the Separation Phase of Development  7. Limitation of the Biological Theory of Evolution in Understanding the Origins of the Second Mental Structure  8. Efforts to Fit What Makes Humans Unique into the Biological Theory of Evolution Lead to the Need for a Revision  9. The Origins of Social Structure from Mental Structure: The Social Organization Derived from the Primordial Structure  10. History of the Parallel Evolution of the Second Mental Structure and the Movement of Human Social Organization from Socio-Centric to Self-Centric  11. The Structural Difference Between Neurosis and Psychosis  12. Mental Structure, Social Organization, and the Complex Interplay of Socially Constructive and Destructive Phenomena Arising From Them  13. Mental Structures and the Evolution of Homo Sapiens

‘Dr. Robbins offers a remarkable psychoanalytic theory of the structures of mind replacing Freud’s tripartite model that incorporates findings from evolutionary biology and primatology. While mankind shares a primordial mind with other animals, the difference is the acquisition of reflection, an ability put on the map by John Locke. It is the ability to speak and to reflect that creates the power to heal.’ Henry Lothane, clinical professor of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine ‘Distinguishing the different roles of primordial consciousness and abstract representational thought, this book highlights the limitations of Freud’s model of mental structures and conscious and unconscious mind and proposes a different model. Robbins explores the origins of the capacity to reflect on one’s mind that distinguishes humans from other species. This book is an intellectual tour de force that integrates psychology and psychoanalysis with neurobiology, linguistic and other sciences: a must read for psychoanalysts and for all readers interested in the deepest dimensions of "homo sapiens".’ Riccardo Lombardi, MD, author of Body-Mind Dissociation and Formless Infinity