Wearable Solar Cells

Hao Sun, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, and Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources (Chinese Academy of Sciences) at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His research centers on fiber electronics and energy storage devices. Zhibin Yang, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His current research focuses on perovskite solar cells and wearable electronics. Longbin Qiu, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology, China. His current interests focus on the scalable and stable perovskite solar modules, as well as flexible and wearable electronics. Huisheng Peng, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials at Fudan University, China. His research focuses on fiber electronics.

• About the Authors ixPreface xi1 Introduction 11.1 Development of Wearable Solar Cells 11.2 Characteristics of Fiber-Shaped Solar Cells 21.3 Functionalization and Integration 21.4 Applications of Wearable Solar Cells 3References 42 Working Mechanisms of Solar Cells 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Working Mechanism and Efficiency Limitation for Solar Cells 82.2.1 Detailed Balance Limitation 122.2.2 Drift-Diffusion Model 142.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 152.3 Working Mechanism of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 162.4 Working Mechanism of Polymer Solar Cells 182.5 Working Mechanism of Perovskite Solar Cells 192.6 Comparison of Solar Cells for Flexible and Wearable Application 222.7 Conclusions 24References 253 Flexible Film Solar Cells 313.1 Overview of Flexible Film Solar Cells 313.2 Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes 313.2.1 Metal Oxides 323.2.2 Conductive Polymers 333.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 343.2.3.1 Graphene 343.2.3.2 Carbon Nanotube 373.3 Fabrication Techniques of Flexible Film Solar Cells 393.3.1 Spin Coating 403.3.2 Blade Coating 413.3.3 Slot-Die Coating 433.3.4 Screen Printing 433.3.5 Roll-to-Roll System 453.4 Flexible Organic Solar Cells 463.5 Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 503.6 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 533.7 Summary and Perspective 56References 584 Flexible Fiber Electrodes 674.1 Introduction 674.2 Metal Wires 684.2.1 Titanium 684.2.2 Stainless Steel 704.2.3 Other Metals 704.3 Polymer Fibers 714.4 Carbon-Based Fiber 734.4.1 Carbon Fiber 734.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Fiber 754.4.3 Graphene Fiber 834.5 Functional Fibers 874.6 Summary and Perspectives 88References 895 Fiber-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 955.1 Introduction 955.2 Twisting Structure 975.2.1 Photoanode 975.2.2 Counter Electrode 1015.2.3 Electrolyte 1045.3 Coaxial Structure 1055.4 Functionalization and Integration 1065.4.1 Functional Fiber-Shaped DSSCs 1075.4.2 Integrated Fiber-Shaped DSSCs 1095.5 Summary and Prospects 114References 1156 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells 1216.1 Overview of Polymer Solar Cells 1216.2 Overview of Fiber-Shaped Polymer Solar Cells 1236.2.1 Fiber-Shaped Polymer Solar Cells with Twisting Structure 1236.2.2 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells with a Coaxial Structure 1276.3 Polymer Solar Cell Textiles 1296.4 Summary and Perspective 130References 1327 Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 1357.1 Introduction 1357.2 Perovskite Photoactive Materials and Solar Cells 1367.3 Deposition of Perovskite Layer on Fiber/Wire Surfaces 1397.3.1 Perovskite Formation Strategies 1397.3.2 Dip-Coating Process 1427.3.3 Cathodic Electrodeposition 1457.3.4 Thermal Evaporation 1457.3.5 Electrode-Spinning 1467.4 Charge Transport Layers for Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 1477.5 Electrode Materials for Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 1497.6 Stretchable and Wearable Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 1497.7 Summary and Perspectives: Challenges for Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 151References 1538 Fiber-Shaped Integrated Device 1598.1 Overview of Integrated Device Based on Solar Cells 1598.2 Overview of Fiber-Integrated Device Based on Solar Cells 1618.2.1 Fiber-Shaped Integrated Device Based on Solar Cells and Supercapacitors 1618.2.2 Fiber-Shaped Integrated Device Based on Solar Cell and Lithium-Ion Battery 1648.2.3 Fiber Integrated Device Based on Nanogenerator and Solar Cell 1658.2.4 Fiber-Based Integrated Textiles 1678.3 Summary and Perspective 171References 1729 Novel Interfaces in Wearable Solar Cells 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Interfacial Charge Transfer 1769.2.1 Charge Transfer Within Fiber Electrode 1769.2.2 Charge Transport at the Active Material/Fiber Electrode Interface 1789.3 Charge Separation 1829.3.1 Charges Separation Between Photoactive/Electron Transport Materials 1829.3.2 Charge Separation Based on an Intermediate Layer 1859.4 Interface and Device Performances 1869.4.1 Interfaces in Different Device Structures 1869.4.2 Interfacial Stability and the Influence on Solar Cell Performance 1899.5 Interface of Functional Wearable Solar Cells 1909.6 Interfaces for Encapsulation 1939.6.1 Polymer Tubes 1939.6.2 Gel Electrolytes 1939.6.3 Polymer Coatings 1969.7 Summary and Outlook 196References 19710 Textile Solar Cells 20110.1 Introduction 20110.2 Textile Solar Cell Structures 20210.2.1 Incorporation of Planar Solar Cells on Textile Substrate 20310.2.2 Strip-Shaped Solar Cells 20610.2.3 Textile Electrode 20810.2.4 Textile Solar Cells Based on Fiber-Shaped Solar Cells 21010.2.5 Interlaced Fiber Electrodes 21110.3 Weaving Patterns and Incidence Angle for Textile Solar Cells 21310.4 Mechanics and Breathability of Textile Solar Cells 21610.5 Encapsulation Structure and Materials for Textile Solar Cells 21810.6 Application of Textile Solar Cells 22010.7 Summary and Perspectives 222References 22211 Summary and Outlook 22711.1 Introduction 22711.2 Development of Planar Solar Cells for Wearable Applications 22711.3 Performance Improvement of Fiber and Textile Solar Cells 22911.4 Continuous Production of Fiber and Textile Solar Cells 23011.5 Potential Applications of Fiber and Textile Solar Cells 231References 232Index 235