Philippe Quevauviller, K.U. Leuven, Belgium and EC Commission, Brussels. Anne-Marie Fouillac, BRGM, France (Institution of Geosciences). Johannes Grath, Umweltbundesamt, Austria. Rob Ward, Environment Agency, United Kingdom.

• Series Preface ixPreface xiList of Contributors xiiiSECTION 1 GENERAL WFD MONITORING FEATURES 11.1 Water Status Monitoring under the WFD 3Philippe Quevauviller1.2 Chemical Monitoring of Surface Waters 11Peter Lepom and Georg Hanke1.3 The Monitoring of Ecological Status of European Freshwaters 29Angelo G. Solimini, Ana Cristina Cardoso, Jacob Carstensen, Gary Free, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Niels Jepsen, Peeter Noges, Sandra Poikane and Wouter van de BundSECTION 2 CASE STUDIES ON MONITORING DIFFERENT AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS UNDER THE WFD 612.1 Lake Monitoring in Sweden 63Hakan Marklund2.2 River Monitoring 77Elena Perez Gallego2.3 Groundwater Monitoring: Implementation in Two Member States 87Rob Ward, Johannes Grath and Andreas Scheidleder2.4 Coastal and Marine Monitoring 103Patrick RooseSECTION 3 ANALYTICAL TOOLS IN SUPPORT OF WFD MONITORING 1313.1 Emerging Methods for Water Monitoring in the Context of the WFD 133Richard Greenwood and Graham A. Mills3.2 Diagnostic Water Quality Instruments for Use in the European Water Framework Directive 153J.L. Maas, C.A. Schipper, R.A.E. Knoben, M.J. van den Heuvel-Greve, P.J. den Besten and P.G-J. de MaagdSECTION 4 MODELLING TOOLS IN SUPPORT OF WFD MONITORING 1634.1 Joint Modelling and Monitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems 165J.C. Refsgaard, L.F. Jorgensen, A.L. Hojberg, C. Demetriou, G. Onorati and G. Brandt4.2 Integrated River Basin Management: Harmonised Modelling Tools and Decision-making Process 181Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz and Fred F. HattermannSECTION 5 HYDROGEOLOGICAL COMPONENTS AND GROUNDWATER STATUS 1955.1 Groundwater Quality Monitoring: The Overriding Importance of Hydrogeologic Typology (and Need for 4D Thinking) 197Didier Pennequin and Stephen Foster5.2 Contribution of Hydrogeological Mapping to Water Monitoring Programmes 215Wilhelm F. Struckmeier5.3 Establishing Environmental Groundwater Quality Standards 229Dietmar MullerSECTION 6 SEDIMENT MONITORING 2416.1 Sediment Dynamics and their Influence on the Design of Monitoring Programmes 243Sue White6.2 Monitoring Sediment Quality Using Toxicity Tests as Primary Tools for any Risk Assessment 255Wolfgang Ahlf, Ute Feiler, Peter Heininger and Susanne HeiseSECTION 7 RISK ASSESSMENT LINKED TO MONITORING 2717.1 River Basin Risk Assessment Linked to Monitoring and Management 273Jos Brils, Damia Barcelo, Winfried E.H. Blum, Werner Brack, Bob Harris, Dietmar Muller, Philippe Negrel, Vala Ragnarsdottir, Wim Salomons, Thomas Track and Joop Vegter7.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Water-sediment System: Case Studies of Pharmaceuticals and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Ebro River Basin 287Mira Petrovic, Ethel Eljarrat, Meritxell Gros, Agustina de la Cal and Damia Barcelo7.3 Assessment of Metal Bioavailability and Natural Background Levels – WFD Monitoring from the Perspective of Metals Industry 299Patrick Van Sprang, Katrien Delbeke, Lidia Regoli, Hugo Waeterschoot, Frank Van Assche, William Adams, Delphine Haesaerts, Claire Mattelet, Andy Bush, Lynette Chung and Violaine Verougstraete7.4 Freshwater Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change: the Euro-limpacs Project 313Richard W. Battarbee, Martin Kernan, David M. Livingstone, Uli Nickus, Piet Verdonschot, Daniel Hering, Brian Moss, Richard F. Wright, Chris D. Evans, Joan O. Grimalt, Richard K. Johnson, Edward Maltby, Conor Linstead and Richard A. SkeffingtonSECTION 8 ENSURING DATA QUALITY 3558.1 NORMAN – Network of Reference Laboratories for Monitoring of Emerging Substances 357Jaroslav Slobodnik and Valeria Dulio8.2 Data Quality Assurance of Sediment Monitoring 371Ulrich Forstner, Susanne Heise, Wolfgang Ahlf and Bernard WestrichSECTION 9 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 3879.1 Reporting Requirements for Priority Substances 389Valeria Dulio and Anne MorinSECTION 10 CONCLUSIONS 40910.1 Needs for an Operational Science–Policy Mechanism in Support of WFD Monitoring – National and Regional Examples 411Philippe Quevauviller, Bob Harris and Philippe Vervier10.2 Support for WFD Research Needs: Current Activities and Future Perspectives in the Context of RTD Framework Programmes 445Andrea TilcheIndex 459