Waste Valorisation

EditorsCarol Sze Ki Lin, Associate Professor, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong.Guneet Kaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong and Department of Civil Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada.Chong Li, Associate Research Fellow, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.Xiaofeng Yang, Associate Professor, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.Series EditorChristian V. Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium

• List of Contributors xiiiSeries Preface xviiPreface xix1 Overview ofWaste Valorisation Concepts from a Circular Economy Perspective 1Jinhua Mou, Chong Li, Xiaofeng Yang, Guneet Kaur and Carol Sze Ki Lin1.1 Introduction 11.2 Development of (Bio)Chemical Process for Utilization of Waste as a Bioresource 41.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment 51.2.2 Physical Pretreatment 51.2.3 Chemical Pretreatment 51.2.4 Biological Pretreatment 61.3 Process Integration for Waste-Based Biorefinery 61.3.1 Food Waste Biorefinery 71.3.2 Agricultural Waste Biorefinery 71.3.3 Industrial Waste Biorefinery 81.3.4 Wastewater Biorefinery 81.4 Closed Loop Recirculation in a Bio-based Economy 81.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 9References 102 Waste as a Bioresource 13Gayatri Suresh, Joseph Sebastian and Satinder Kaur Brar2.1 Introduction 132.2 Waste Streams and Their Suitability as Feedstock for Valorisation: Is All Waste a Resource? 142.3 (Bio)diversity and Variability of Waste Feedstock 162.3.1 Agro-industrial Wastes 162.3.2 Municipal Solid Wastes 182.3.3 Livestock Wastes 192.3.4 Industrial Wastes 212.4 Drivers, Policies, and Markets for Value-added Waste-derived Products 232.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 25Acknowledgements 26References 263 Treatment of Waste 33Ravindran Balasubramani, Vasanthy Muthunarayanan, Karthika Arumugam, Rajiv Periakaruppan, Archana Singh, Soon Woong Chang, Thamaraiselvi Chandran, Gopal Shankar Singh and Selvakumar Muniraj3.1 Introduction 333.2 Solid Waste Management 343.2.1 E-waste Management 343.2.2 Hazardous Waste Management 353.2.3 Biomedical Waste Management 353.2.4 Plastic Waste Management 353.2.5 Solid Waste Management Options 353.3 General Approach for Waste Treatment and Conversion to Value-added Products: Biochemical, Mechanical, and Thermochemical 363.3.1 Conventional Treatment 363.3.2 Biological/Biochemical Treatment 373.3.3 Thermal Methods 403.3.4 Open Burning 403.3.5 Mechanical Treatment 403.4 Factors Influencing Selection of an Appropriate Valorisation Technique for Specific Waste Types 423.4.1 Case Study of Paper Waste Recycling 423.4.2 Deinking Process 423.4.3 Paper Deinking Residue 433.5 Conventional and Novel Techniques: Overall Comparison in Terms of Energy Consumption, Waste Stream Generation and Cost 443.5.1 Pyrolysis 443.5.2 Gasification 443.5.3 Incineration 443.6 Energy Consumption, Waste Stream Generation, and Costs of Conventional and Novel Waste Treatment Technologies 453.7 Conclusions and Future Trends 45Acknowledgement 46References 464 Valorisation of Agricultural Waste Residues 51Srinivas Mettu, Pobitra Halder, Savankumar Patel, Sazal Kundu, Kalpit Shah, Shunyu Yao, Zubeen Hathi, Khai Lun Ong, Sandya Athukoralalage, Namita Roy Choudhury, Naba Kumar Dutta and Carol Sze Ki Lin4.1 Introduction 514.2 Agricultural Waste Definition, Composition, Variability, and Associated Policies and Regulations 534.2.1 Agricultural Waste from Farming 554.2.2 Agricultural Wastes from Livestock 564.2.3 Agricultural Waste Availability 574.3 Conventional Techniques – Anaerobic Digestion, Pyrolysis, Gasification, and Solvent Treatment/Extraction 584.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion 584.3.2 Solvent Treatment 634.3.3 Gasification 654.3.4 Pyrolysis 674.4 Novel Techniques and Envisioned Product Streams: A New Perspective 714.5 Case Study: Yard Waste Management 744.5.1 Background of Yard Waste in Hong Kong 744.5.2 Conventional Yard Waste Reduction and Treatment Strategy 754.5.3 Novel Techniques and Strategies for Yard Waste Treatment 764.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 76Acknowledgements 77References 775 Valorisation of Woody Biomass 87Md Khairul Islam, Chengyu Dong, Hsien-Yi Hsu, Carol Sze Ki Lin and Shao-Yuan Leu5.1 Generation of Woody Biomass 875.2 General Classification and Properties of Woods 885.3 Wood Chemistry 895.3.1 Cellulose 895.3.2 Hemicelluloses 905.3.3 Lignin 915.3.4 Extractives 925.4 Chemical Composition Analysis 935.4.1 Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin 935.4.2 Extractives 945.5 Pretreatment 945.6 Saccharification and Fermentation 975.7 New Functions of Wood Residues 1005.7.1 Wood–Plastic Composite for Construction Purposes 1005.7.2 Cellulose Nanomaterials 1005.7.3 Wood Extractives 1025.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 102Acknowledgement 102References 1036 Recovery of Nutrients and Transformations of Municipal/Domestic Food Waste 109Divyani Panwar, Parmjit S. Panesar, Gisha Singla, Meena Krishania and Avinash Thakur6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Characteristics of Food Waste and its Supply Chain 1116.2.1 Characteristics of Waste Generated from Food Industries 1136.2.2 Food Waste Supply Chain 1146.3 Recovery of Valuable Products from Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste 1166.3.1 Biogas 1186.3.2 Digestate 1196.4 Novel Approaches and Obtainable Products: Biotechnological Processes and Chemical Transformations 1246.4.1 Chemical Transformations 1256.4.2 Biotechnological Approaches 1306.5 Case Study: Production of Methane via Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste 1396.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion 1406.5.2 TEAM Digester for Domestic Food Waste Digestion 1436.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 144References 1457 Bioconversion of Processing Waste from Agro-Food Industries to Bioethanol: Creating a Sustainable and Circular Economy 161Deepak Kumar and Vijay Singh7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Bioconversion Technologies for Bioethanol Production 1647.2.1 Ethanol Production from Starchy Feedstock (First-Generation Bioethanol) 1647.2.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation Bioethanol) 1677.3 Use of Processing Waste to Produce Ethanol 1707.3.1 Citrus Peel Waste (CPW) 1707.3.2 Peel Residue Waste from Other Food Industries 1717.3.3 Waste from the Brewing Industry 1727.3.4 Other Processing Wastes 1737.4 Use of Processing Waste to Enhance Ethanol Yields 1747.4.1 Improving Fermentation of Dry Fractionated Corn 1747.4.2 Processing of DDGS to Enhance Ethanol Yields 1777.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 178References 1798 Challenges with Biomass Waste Valorisation 183Guihua Yan, Yunchao Feng, Sishi Long, Xianhai Zeng, Yong Sun, Xing Tang and Lu Lin8.1 Introduction 1838.2 The Pre-Preparation Technologies of Biomass Waste 1848.2.1 “Cellulose-First” Biorefinery Technologies 1858.2.2 “Lignin-First” Biorefinery Technologies 1858.2.3 “Lignin and Hemicellulose-First” Biorefinery Technologies 1868.2.4 “Cellulose and Hemicellulose-First” Biorefinery Technologies 1868.3 Handling of Emerging Biomass Wastes by Newly Developed Techniques 1888.3.1 Catalytic Chemistry Technologies 1888.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 1898.3.3 Biochemical Technologies 1908.3.4 Integration with Existing Technologies and Economic Viability 1908.4 Transforming Biomass Waste to Cellulose by New Techniques 1918.4.1 Cellulose Extraction or Purification Techniques from Biomass Waste 1928.4.2 Cellulose Micro/Nanomerization Technologies 1928.5 Transforming Biomass Waste to Lignin by New Technologies 1978.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 198Acknowledgements 199References 1999 Lifecycle Approaches for Evaluating Textile Biovalorisation Processes: Sustainable Decision-making in a Circular Economy 203Karpagam Subramanian, Shauhrat S. Chopra, Cakin Ezgi, Xiaotong Li and Carol Sze Ki Lin9.1 Introduction 2039.2 Literature Review 2069.2.1 Circular Economy and Sustainable Development 2069.2.2 Textile Industry – Sustainability Issues and Recycling 2069.3 Methods 2089.3.1 Description of Environmental Assessment 2089.3.2 Description of Social Assessment 2099.4 Case Study 2119.4.1 Recovery of PET Fiber from Cotton–Polyester Blended Textile Waste 2119.4.2 System Description of the Biorecycling Method 2129.4.3 Life Cycle Inventory 2149.5 Results and Discussion 2159.5.1 Environmental Sustainability of Bio-based PET Fiber 2159.5.2 Social and Economic Sustainability of Bio-based PET Fiber 2179.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 218Acknowledgement 219References 21910 Circular Waste-Based Biorefinery Development 223Raffel Dharma Patria, Xiaotong Li, Huaimin Wang, Chenyu Du, Carol Sze Ki Lin and Guneet Kaur10.1 Introduction 22310.2 Transitioning from Current Linear to Stronger Circular Economy Models 22610.2.1 Integration of Circular Economy and Sustainable Development 22610.2.2 Requirements for Transition to a Circular Economy 22710.3 Case Study 1: Circular Textile Waste-based Biorefinery for Production of Chemicals, Materials, and Fuels 22910.3.1 Need for a Circular Textile Waste-based Biorefinery 22910.3.2 Circular Textile Biorefinery 23010.4 Case Study 2: Circular Food Waste-based Biorefinery for Production of Chemicals, Materials, and Fuels 23310.4.1 Circular Bioconversion of Food Waste into Polyethylene Furanoate (PEF) 23510.4.2 Circular Bioconversion of Food Waste into Biosurfactant 24010.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 246Acknowledgements 246References 247Index 253

"The book meets its objective, describing in compact format many methods of waste management available across a wide range of industries, well supported by comprehensive references." (Chromatographia, January 2021 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-020-03998-6)