ZHAOCHENG WANG, PhD, is a Professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. Dr. Wang previously published Millimeter Wave Communication Systems with Wiley-IEEE Press.QI WANG, PhD, is a Research Fellow at the School of Electronics and Computer Science at University of Southampton, United Kingdom.WEI HUANG, PhD, is an academic member of the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.ZHENGYUAN XU, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.

• Preface ix1 Introduction to Visible Light Communications 11.1 History 11.2 Advantages and applications 41.3 Overview of modulation and signal processing 61.4 Standards 102 Visible Light Communications: Channel and Capacity 172.1 LED characteristics 172.1.1 Operation principles 192.1.2 LED nonlinearity 212.2 LED lighting constraints 232.2.1 Dimming control 232.2.2 Chromaticity control 252.2.3 Flicker-free communication 262.3 Photodiode characteristics 272.4 Propagation links 292.4.1 LOS link 312.4.2 NLOS link 322.5 Noise in VLC systems 332.6 Channel capacity 352.6.1 Channel models 362.6.2 Capacity bounds for free-space optical intensity channel 382.6.3 Capacity bounds for discrete-time Poisson channel 472.6.4 Capacity bounds for improved free-space intensity channel 502.7 Conclusion 533 Single Carrier/Carrierless Modulation and Coding 573.1 Pulse amplitude modulation 573.2 Pulse position modulation 623.3 Carrierless amplitude phase modulation 683.3.1 Principles of CAP 693.3.2 Multidimensional CAP 733.4 Modulation and coding schemes for dimmable VLC 773.4.1 Modulation schemes for dimmable VLC 783.4.2 Coding schemes for dimmable VLC 803.5 Conclusion 824 Multicarrier Modulation 894.1 Optical OFDM for visible light communications 904.1.1 DC-biased optical OFDM 904.1.2 ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT 934.1.3 Unipolar OFDM 974.1.4 Performance comparison 984.2 Performance enhancement for optical OFDM 994.2.1 DC bias and scaling optimization 1004.2.2 LED nonlinearity mitigation 1034.2.3 PAPR reduction 1074.3 Spectrum- and power-efficient optical OFDM 1114.3.1 Hybrid optical OFDM 1114.3.2 Enhanced U-OFDM 1184.3.3 Layered ACO-OFDM 1214.4 Optical OFDM under lighting constraints 1314.4.1 Pulse width modulation 1334.4.2 Reverse polarity optical OFDM 1364.4.3 Asymmetrical hybrid optical OFDM 1374.5 Conclusion 1425 Multicolor Modulation 1475.1 Color shift keying 1475.1.1 Constellation 1485.1.2 Color calibration 1515.1.3 Constellation optimization 1525.1.4 CSK with Quad-LED 1555.2 CSK with coded modulation 1565.3 Wavelength division multiplexing with predistorion 1595.3.1 System model 1605.3.2 Receiver-side predistortion 1615.3.3 Performance evaluation 1645.4 Conclusion 1666 Optical MIMO 1696.1 Non-imaging optical MIMO techniques 1706.1.1 Channel response 1706.1.2 Optical MIMO techniques 1716.1.3 Performance comparison 1756.2 Imaging optical MIMO techniques 1786.3 Multiuser precoding techniques 1806.4 Optical MIMO-OFDM 1906.4.1 DCO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1936.4.2 ACO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1946.4.3 Performance evaluation 1956.5 Conclusion 1977 Signal Processing and Optimization 2017.1 Sum-rate maximization for the multi-chip-based VLC system 2017.1.1 System model 2027.1.2 Constraints on illumination and communication 2037.1.3 Sum-rate maximization 2057.1.4 Performance evaluation 2087.2 Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi optimization 2127.2.1 System model 2137.2.2 Efficient VHO scheme 2147.2.3 Performance evaluation 2197.3 Signal estimation and modulation design for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.1 Signal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.2 Suboptimal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2287.3.3 Efficient signal design for VLC with SDGN 2307.4 Conclusion 2368 Optical Camera Communication: Fundamentals 2398.1 Why OCC 2398.1.1 Wide spectrum 2408.1.2 Image-sensor-based receiver 2408.1.3 Advantages of image sensor receiver 2418.1.4 Challenges for OCC implementation 2448.2 OCC applications: beyond imaging 2468.2.1 Indoor localization 2468.2.2 Intelligent transportation 2498.2.3 Screen–camera communication 2508.2.4 Privacy protection 2518.3 Fundamentals of OCC 2528.3.1 Optical imaging system 2528.3.2 Image sensor architecture 2538.3.3 Noise characteristics in the image-sensor-based receiver 2618.3.4 Channel model for OCC 2708.4 Capacity bounds for OCC 2758.4.1 SISO-OCC channel capacity with M-SDGN 2758.4.2 Capacity-achieving probability measurement with M-SDGN 2768.4.3 Capacity of imaging optical MIMO systems with bounded inputs 2808.5 Outage capacity for OCC with misalignment 2848.6 Conclusion 2859 Optical Camera Communication: Modulation and System Design 2919.1 Coding and decoding 2929.1.1 Multilevel coding and multi-stage decoding 2939.1.2 Single-level coding and joint decoding 2959.2 Modulation schemes 2979.2.1 Undersampling-based modulation 2989.2.2 Rolling shutter effect-based modulation 3019.2.3 Spatial OFDM 3049.2.4 Spatial WPDM 3079.3 System impairment factors 3099.3.1 Impairment factors in spatial OFDM 3099.3.2 Impairment mitigation techniques 3229.4 Synchronization in OCC 3299.4.1 Synchronization challenges 3299.4.2 Per-line tracking and inter-frame coding 3319.4.3 Rateless coding 3339.5 OCC system experimental platform 3369.5.1 Design and implementation of a real-time OCC system 3369.6 Conclusion 34710 Index 353

ZHAOCHENG WANG, PhD, is a Professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. Dr. Wang previously published Millimeter Wave Communication Systems with Wiley-IEEE Press.QI WANG, PhD, is a Research Fellow at the School of Electronics and Computer Science at University of Southampton, United Kingdom.WEI HUANG, PhD, is an academic member of the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.ZHENGYUAN XU, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.

• Preface ix1 Introduction to Visible Light Communications 11.1 History 11.2 Advantages and applications 41.3 Overview of modulation and signal processing 61.4 Standards 102 Visible Light Communications: Channel and Capacity 172.1 LED characteristics 172.1.1 Operation principles 192.1.2 LED nonlinearity 212.2 LED lighting constraints 232.2.1 Dimming control 232.2.2 Chromaticity control 252.2.3 Flicker-free communication 262.3 Photodiode characteristics 272.4 Propagation links 292.4.1 LOS link 312.4.2 NLOS link 322.5 Noise in VLC systems 332.6 Channel capacity 352.6.1 Channel models 362.6.2 Capacity bounds for free-space optical intensity channel 382.6.3 Capacity bounds for discrete-time Poisson channel 472.6.4 Capacity bounds for improved free-space intensity channel 502.7 Conclusion 533 Single Carrier/Carrierless Modulation and Coding 573.1 Pulse amplitude modulation 573.2 Pulse position modulation 623.3 Carrierless amplitude phase modulation 683.3.1 Principles of CAP 693.3.2 Multidimensional CAP 733.4 Modulation and coding schemes for dimmable VLC 773.4.1 Modulation schemes for dimmable VLC 783.4.2 Coding schemes for dimmable VLC 803.5 Conclusion 824 Multicarrier Modulation 894.1 Optical OFDM for visible light communications 904.1.1 DC-biased optical OFDM 904.1.2 ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT 934.1.3 Unipolar OFDM 974.1.4 Performance comparison 984.2 Performance enhancement for optical OFDM 994.2.1 DC bias and scaling optimization 1004.2.2 LED nonlinearity mitigation 1034.2.3 PAPR reduction 1074.3 Spectrum- and power-efficient optical OFDM 1114.3.1 Hybrid optical OFDM 1114.3.2 Enhanced U-OFDM 1184.3.3 Layered ACO-OFDM 1214.4 Optical OFDM under lighting constraints 1314.4.1 Pulse width modulation 1334.4.2 Reverse polarity optical OFDM 1364.4.3 Asymmetrical hybrid optical OFDM 1374.5 Conclusion 1425 Multicolor Modulation 1475.1 Color shift keying 1475.1.1 Constellation 1485.1.2 Color calibration 1515.1.3 Constellation optimization 1525.1.4 CSK with Quad-LED 1555.2 CSK with coded modulation 1565.3 Wavelength division multiplexing with predistorion 1595.3.1 System model 1605.3.2 Receiver-side predistortion 1615.3.3 Performance evaluation 1645.4 Conclusion 1666 Optical MIMO 1696.1 Non-imaging optical MIMO techniques 1706.1.1 Channel response 1706.1.2 Optical MIMO techniques 1716.1.3 Performance comparison 1756.2 Imaging optical MIMO techniques 1786.3 Multiuser precoding techniques 1806.4 Optical MIMO-OFDM 1906.4.1 DCO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1936.4.2 ACO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1946.4.3 Performance evaluation 1956.5 Conclusion 1977 Signal Processing and Optimization 2017.1 Sum-rate maximization for the multi-chip-based VLC system 2017.1.1 System model 2027.1.2 Constraints on illumination and communication 2037.1.3 Sum-rate maximization 2057.1.4 Performance evaluation 2087.2 Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi optimization 2127.2.1 System model 2137.2.2 Efficient VHO scheme 2147.2.3 Performance evaluation 2197.3 Signal estimation and modulation design for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.1 Signal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.2 Suboptimal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2287.3.3 Efficient signal design for VLC with SDGN 2307.4 Conclusion 2368 Optical Camera Communication: Fundamentals 2398.1 Why OCC 2398.1.1 Wide spectrum 2408.1.2 Image-sensor-based receiver 2408.1.3 Advantages of image sensor receiver 2418.1.4 Challenges for OCC implementation 2448.2 OCC applications: beyond imaging 2468.2.1 Indoor localization 2468.2.2 Intelligent transportation 2498.2.3 Screen–camera communication 2508.2.4 Privacy protection 2518.3 Fundamentals of OCC 2528.3.1 Optical imaging system 2528.3.2 Image sensor architecture 2538.3.3 Noise characteristics in the image-sensor-based receiver 2618.3.4 Channel model for OCC 2708.4 Capacity bounds for OCC 2758.4.1 SISO-OCC channel capacity with M-SDGN 2758.4.2 Capacity-achieving probability measurement with M-SDGN 2768.4.3 Capacity of imaging optical MIMO systems with bounded inputs 2808.5 Outage capacity for OCC with misalignment 2848.6 Conclusion 2859 Optical Camera Communication: Modulation and System Design 2919.1 Coding and decoding 2929.1.1 Multilevel coding and multi-stage decoding 2939.1.2 Single-level coding and joint decoding 2959.2 Modulation schemes 2979.2.1 Undersampling-based modulation 2989.2.2 Rolling shutter effect-based modulation 3019.2.3 Spatial OFDM 3049.2.4 Spatial WPDM 3079.3 System impairment factors 3099.3.1 Impairment factors in spatial OFDM 3099.3.2 Impairment mitigation techniques 3229.4 Synchronization in OCC 3299.4.1 Synchronization challenges 3299.4.2 Per-line tracking and inter-frame coding 3319.4.3 Rateless coding 3339.5 OCC system experimental platform 3369.5.1 Design and implementation of a real-time OCC system 3369.6 Conclusion 34710 Index 353

ZHAOCHENG WANG, PhD, is a Professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. Dr. Wang previously published Millimeter Wave Communication Systems with Wiley-IEEE Press.QI WANG, PhD, is a Research Fellow at the School of Electronics and Computer Science at University of Southampton, United Kingdom.WEI HUANG, PhD, is an academic member of the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.ZHENGYUAN XU, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China.

• Preface ix1 Introduction to Visible Light Communications 11.1 History 11.2 Advantages and applications 41.3 Overview of modulation and signal processing 61.4 Standards 102 Visible Light Communications: Channel and Capacity 172.1 LED characteristics 172.1.1 Operation principles 192.1.2 LED nonlinearity 212.2 LED lighting constraints 232.2.1 Dimming control 232.2.2 Chromaticity control 252.2.3 Flicker-free communication 262.3 Photodiode characteristics 272.4 Propagation links 292.4.1 LOS link 312.4.2 NLOS link 322.5 Noise in VLC systems 332.6 Channel capacity 352.6.1 Channel models 362.6.2 Capacity bounds for free-space optical intensity channel 382.6.3 Capacity bounds for discrete-time Poisson channel 472.6.4 Capacity bounds for improved free-space intensity channel 502.7 Conclusion 533 Single Carrier/Carrierless Modulation and Coding 573.1 Pulse amplitude modulation 573.2 Pulse position modulation 623.3 Carrierless amplitude phase modulation 683.3.1 Principles of CAP 693.3.2 Multidimensional CAP 733.4 Modulation and coding schemes for dimmable VLC 773.4.1 Modulation schemes for dimmable VLC 783.4.2 Coding schemes for dimmable VLC 803.5 Conclusion 824 Multicarrier Modulation 894.1 Optical OFDM for visible light communications 904.1.1 DC-biased optical OFDM 904.1.2 ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT 934.1.3 Unipolar OFDM 974.1.4 Performance comparison 984.2 Performance enhancement for optical OFDM 994.2.1 DC bias and scaling optimization 1004.2.2 LED nonlinearity mitigation 1034.2.3 PAPR reduction 1074.3 Spectrum- and power-efficient optical OFDM 1114.3.1 Hybrid optical OFDM 1114.3.2 Enhanced U-OFDM 1184.3.3 Layered ACO-OFDM 1214.4 Optical OFDM under lighting constraints 1314.4.1 Pulse width modulation 1334.4.2 Reverse polarity optical OFDM 1364.4.3 Asymmetrical hybrid optical OFDM 1374.5 Conclusion 1425 Multicolor Modulation 1475.1 Color shift keying 1475.1.1 Constellation 1485.1.2 Color calibration 1515.1.3 Constellation optimization 1525.1.4 CSK with Quad-LED 1555.2 CSK with coded modulation 1565.3 Wavelength division multiplexing with predistorion 1595.3.1 System model 1605.3.2 Receiver-side predistortion 1615.3.3 Performance evaluation 1645.4 Conclusion 1666 Optical MIMO 1696.1 Non-imaging optical MIMO techniques 1706.1.1 Channel response 1706.1.2 Optical MIMO techniques 1716.1.3 Performance comparison 1756.2 Imaging optical MIMO techniques 1786.3 Multiuser precoding techniques 1806.4 Optical MIMO-OFDM 1906.4.1 DCO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1936.4.2 ACO-OFDM-based MU-MIMO VLC 1946.4.3 Performance evaluation 1956.5 Conclusion 1977 Signal Processing and Optimization 2017.1 Sum-rate maximization for the multi-chip-based VLC system 2017.1.1 System model 2027.1.2 Constraints on illumination and communication 2037.1.3 Sum-rate maximization 2057.1.4 Performance evaluation 2087.2 Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi optimization 2127.2.1 System model 2137.2.2 Efficient VHO scheme 2147.2.3 Performance evaluation 2197.3 Signal estimation and modulation design for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.1 Signal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2237.3.2 Suboptimal estimation for VLC with SDGN 2287.3.3 Efficient signal design for VLC with SDGN 2307.4 Conclusion 2368 Optical Camera Communication: Fundamentals 2398.1 Why OCC 2398.1.1 Wide spectrum 2408.1.2 Image-sensor-based receiver 2408.1.3 Advantages of image sensor receiver 2418.1.4 Challenges for OCC implementation 2448.2 OCC applications: beyond imaging 2468.2.1 Indoor localization 2468.2.2 Intelligent transportation 2498.2.3 Screen–camera communication 2508.2.4 Privacy protection 2518.3 Fundamentals of OCC 2528.3.1 Optical imaging system 2528.3.2 Image sensor architecture 2538.3.3 Noise characteristics in the image-sensor-based receiver 2618.3.4 Channel model for OCC 2708.4 Capacity bounds for OCC 2758.4.1 SISO-OCC channel capacity with M-SDGN 2758.4.2 Capacity-achieving probability measurement with M-SDGN 2768.4.3 Capacity of imaging optical MIMO systems with bounded inputs 2808.5 Outage capacity for OCC with misalignment 2848.6 Conclusion 2859 Optical Camera Communication: Modulation and System Design 2919.1 Coding and decoding 2929.1.1 Multilevel coding and multi-stage decoding 2939.1.2 Single-level coding and joint decoding 2959.2 Modulation schemes 2979.2.1 Undersampling-based modulation 2989.2.2 Rolling shutter effect-based modulation 3019.2.3 Spatial OFDM 3049.2.4 Spatial WPDM 3079.3 System impairment factors 3099.3.1 Impairment factors in spatial OFDM 3099.3.2 Impairment mitigation techniques 3229.4 Synchronization in OCC 3299.4.1 Synchronization challenges 3299.4.2 Per-line tracking and inter-frame coding 3319.4.3 Rateless coding 3339.5 OCC system experimental platform 3369.5.1 Design and implementation of a real-time OCC system 3369.6 Conclusion 34710 Index 353