ANDRZEJ WIECKOWSKI, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois and the North American Editor for Electrochimica Acta. His research focused on electrode surface structure in relation to electrocatalysis, molecular-level studies of surface oxidation and reduction processes, and surface motional behavior in electrocatalysis.CAROL KORZENIEWSKI, PhD, is Professor of Chemistry at Texas Tech University. Her research, supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense, centers on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to probe interfacial processes in electrochemistry.BJÖRN BRAUNSCHWEIG, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and was a recipient of the Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. His junior research group focuses on the nonlinear optical spectroscopy of charged interfaces.

• Preface to the Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry vii Foreword ixby Masatoshi Osawa Preface xi Contributors xiii Part One Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 1. Water Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics at Charged Interfaces Observed with Ultrafast Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 3Emily E. Fenn and Michael D. Fayer 2. SFG Studies of Oxide–Water Interfaces: Protonation States, Water Polar Orientations, and Comparison with Structure Results from X-Ray Scattering 48Y. Ron Shen and Glenn A. Waychunas 3. Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Interfacial Dynamics 85Christopher M. Berg and Dana D. Dlott 4. Spectroscopy of Electrifi ed Interfaces with Broadband Sum Frequency Generation: From Electrocatalysis to Protein Foams 120Björn Braunschweig, Prabuddha Mukherjee, Robert B. Kutz, Armin Rumpel, KathrinEngelhardt, Wolfgang Peukert, Dana D. Dlott, and Andrzej Wieckowski Part Two Raman Spectroscopy 5. Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) Studies of Electron-Transfer Redox-Active Protein Attached to Thiol-Modified Metal: Case of Cytochrome c 153Agata Królikowska 6. Depolarization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Photons from a Small Number of Molecules on Metal Surfaces 220Fumika Nagasawa, Mai Takase, Hideki Nabika, and Kei Murakoshi Part Three IRRAS Spectroscopy (Including PM–IRRAS) 7. DFT and In Situ Infrared Studies on Adsorption and Oxidation of Glycine, l-Alanine, and l-Serine on Gold Electrodes 241Andrea P. Sandoval, José Manuel Orts, Antonio Rodes, and Juan M. Feliu 8. Composition, Structure, and Reaction Dynamics at Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces Using Infrared Spectroscopy 266Angel Cuesta 9. Vibrational Stark Effect at Halide Precovered Cu(100) Electrodes 307Melanie Röefzaad, Duc Thanh Pham, and Klaus Wandelt 10. Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Ionomer–Catalyst Interface 327Ian Kendrick, Jonathan Doan, and Eugene S. Smotkin 11. In Situ PM–IRRAS Studies of Biomimetic Membranes Supported at Gold Electrode Surfaces 345Annia H. Kycia, ZhangFei Su, Christa L. Brosseau, and Jacek Lipkowski Index 418

ANDRZEJ WIECKOWSKI, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois and the North American Editor for Electrochimica Acta. His research focused on electrode surface structure in relation to electrocatalysis, molecular-level studies of surface oxidation and reduction processes, and surface motional behavior in electrocatalysis.CAROL KORZENIEWSKI, PhD, is Professor of Chemistry at Texas Tech University. Her research, supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense, centers on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to probe interfacial processes in electrochemistry.BJÖRN BRAUNSCHWEIG, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and was a recipient of the Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. His junior research group focuses on the nonlinear optical spectroscopy of charged interfaces.

• Preface to the Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry vii Foreword ixby Masatoshi Osawa Preface xi Contributors xiii Part One Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 1. Water Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics at Charged Interfaces Observed with Ultrafast Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 3Emily E. Fenn and Michael D. Fayer 2. SFG Studies of Oxide–Water Interfaces: Protonation States, Water Polar Orientations, and Comparison with Structure Results from X-Ray Scattering 48Y. Ron Shen and Glenn A. Waychunas 3. Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Interfacial Dynamics 85Christopher M. Berg and Dana D. Dlott 4. Spectroscopy of Electrifi ed Interfaces with Broadband Sum Frequency Generation: From Electrocatalysis to Protein Foams 120Björn Braunschweig, Prabuddha Mukherjee, Robert B. Kutz, Armin Rumpel, KathrinEngelhardt, Wolfgang Peukert, Dana D. Dlott, and Andrzej Wieckowski Part Two Raman Spectroscopy 5. Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) Studies of Electron-Transfer Redox-Active Protein Attached to Thiol-Modified Metal: Case of Cytochrome c 153Agata Królikowska 6. Depolarization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Photons from a Small Number of Molecules on Metal Surfaces 220Fumika Nagasawa, Mai Takase, Hideki Nabika, and Kei Murakoshi Part Three IRRAS Spectroscopy (Including PM–IRRAS) 7. DFT and In Situ Infrared Studies on Adsorption and Oxidation of Glycine, l-Alanine, and l-Serine on Gold Electrodes 241Andrea P. Sandoval, José Manuel Orts, Antonio Rodes, and Juan M. Feliu 8. Composition, Structure, and Reaction Dynamics at Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces Using Infrared Spectroscopy 266Angel Cuesta 9. Vibrational Stark Effect at Halide Precovered Cu(100) Electrodes 307Melanie Röefzaad, Duc Thanh Pham, and Klaus Wandelt 10. Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Ionomer–Catalyst Interface 327Ian Kendrick, Jonathan Doan, and Eugene S. Smotkin 11. In Situ PM–IRRAS Studies of Biomimetic Membranes Supported at Gold Electrode Surfaces 345Annia H. Kycia, ZhangFei Su, Christa L. Brosseau, and Jacek Lipkowski Index 418

ANDRZEJ WIECKOWSKI, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois and the North American Editor for Electrochimica Acta. His research focused on electrode surface structure in relation to electrocatalysis, molecular-level studies of surface oxidation and reduction processes, and surface motional behavior in electrocatalysis.CAROL KORZENIEWSKI, PhD, is Professor of Chemistry at Texas Tech University. Her research, supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense, centers on the use of vibrational spectroscopy to probe interfacial processes in electrochemistry.BJÖRN BRAUNSCHWEIG, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and was a recipient of the Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. His junior research group focuses on the nonlinear optical spectroscopy of charged interfaces.

• Preface to the Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry vii Foreword ixby Masatoshi Osawa Preface xi Contributors xiii Part One Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 1. Water Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics at Charged Interfaces Observed with Ultrafast Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopy 3Emily E. Fenn and Michael D. Fayer 2. SFG Studies of Oxide–Water Interfaces: Protonation States, Water Polar Orientations, and Comparison with Structure Results from X-Ray Scattering 48Y. Ron Shen and Glenn A. Waychunas 3. Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy of Interfacial Dynamics 85Christopher M. Berg and Dana D. Dlott 4. Spectroscopy of Electrifi ed Interfaces with Broadband Sum Frequency Generation: From Electrocatalysis to Protein Foams 120Björn Braunschweig, Prabuddha Mukherjee, Robert B. Kutz, Armin Rumpel, KathrinEngelhardt, Wolfgang Peukert, Dana D. Dlott, and Andrzej Wieckowski Part Two Raman Spectroscopy 5. Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) Studies of Electron-Transfer Redox-Active Protein Attached to Thiol-Modified Metal: Case of Cytochrome c 153Agata Królikowska 6. Depolarization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Photons from a Small Number of Molecules on Metal Surfaces 220Fumika Nagasawa, Mai Takase, Hideki Nabika, and Kei Murakoshi Part Three IRRAS Spectroscopy (Including PM–IRRAS) 7. DFT and In Situ Infrared Studies on Adsorption and Oxidation of Glycine, l-Alanine, and l-Serine on Gold Electrodes 241Andrea P. Sandoval, José Manuel Orts, Antonio Rodes, and Juan M. Feliu 8. Composition, Structure, and Reaction Dynamics at Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces Using Infrared Spectroscopy 266Angel Cuesta 9. Vibrational Stark Effect at Halide Precovered Cu(100) Electrodes 307Melanie Röefzaad, Duc Thanh Pham, and Klaus Wandelt 10. Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Ionomer–Catalyst Interface 327Ian Kendrick, Jonathan Doan, and Eugene S. Smotkin 11. In Situ PM–IRRAS Studies of Biomimetic Membranes Supported at Gold Electrode Surfaces 345Annia H. Kycia, ZhangFei Su, Christa L. Brosseau, and Jacek Lipkowski Index 418