Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging

The authorPeter V. Scrivani, DVM, DACVR, is Associate Professor of Veterinary Imaging at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York, USA.

• Preface xiSection 1 Introduction to Head and Neck Imaging in Animals 11 Some Basic Concepts About Head and Neck Anatomy 31.1 Terms of Location, Orientation, and Movement 41.2 External Features of the Head and Neck 111.3 Overview of Neuroanatomic Localization During Neuroimaging 131.3.1 Divisions of the Central Nervous System 151.3.2 Neuroaxis Localization 201.3.3 Clinical Descriptors for the Location of Intracranial Abnormalities 26References 322 Some Basic Concepts about Medical Imaging 332.1 Introduction 332.1.1 What is an Image? 332.1.2 What is Medical Imaging? 342.2 Medical Imaging Devices 392.2.1 Imaging Technologies 392.2.2 Imaging Techniques, Applications, and Examinations 412.3 The Medical Image 472.3.1 Picture Elements and Volumetric Picture Elements 472.3.2 Representing Tissue Characteristics through the Grayscale 502.3.3 Resolution 522.4 Image Evaluation 562.4.1 Getting Started 562.4.2 Imaging Signs and Patterns 592.4.3 Image Evaluation 66References 67Section 2 Musculoskeletal Imaging 693 The Musculoskeletal System 713.1 Imaging Anatomy 713.1.1 Bone 713.1.2 Imaging Anatomy – Joints and Ligaments 903.1.3 Muscle and Tendons 963.1.3.1 Fascia and Fascial Compartments 1113.2 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities 1193.2.1 Developmental Malformations 1203.2.1.1 Cranium, Face, and Craniocervical Junction 1203.2.1.2 Vertebrae 1263.2.2 Degenerative Diseases 1313.2.2.1 Joints 1323.2.2.2 Vertebrae 1383.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 1383.2.3.1 Infectious 1423.2.3.2 Noninfectious 1463.2.4 Neoplasia 1503.2.5 Nutritional, Metabolic, Toxic Diseases 1623.2.6 Trauma 1703.2.6.1 Soft-tissue Trauma 1713.2.6.2 Fracture 1733.2.6.3 Dislocation 183References 1904 Intervertebral Disks 1984.1 Imaging Anatomy 1984.2 Intervertebral Disk Abnormalities 2004.2.1 Developmental Malformations 2004.2.2 Infection/Inflammation 2024.2.3 Trauma 2044.2.4 Degeneration 2084.2.5 Herniation 214References 236Section 3 Nervous System Imaging 2415 Cerebrospinal Fluid 2435.1 Imaging Anatomy 2435.2 CSF Production, Absorption, and Flow 2465.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities 2505.3.1 Intra-Axial Fluid Accumulations 2515.3.2 Extra-Axial Fluid Accumulations 2685.3.3 Intramedullary Fluid Accumulations 2725.3.4 Extramedullary Fluid Accumulations 275References 2856 The Central Nervous System 2896.1 Imaging Anatomy 2896.2 Brain and Spinal-Cord Abnormalities 2976.2.1 Imaging Patterns of CNS Disease 2976.2.1.1 Some Additional Imaging Signs 3006.2.1.2 Contrast Enhancement 3026.2.2 Secondary Intracranial Abnormalities 3086.2.2.1 Intracranial Hypertension 3086.2.2.2 Cerebral Edema 3106.2.2.3 MRI Signs Induced by Seizures 3136.2.2.4 Brain Herniation 3146.2.3 Developmental Malformations 3216.2.4 Vascular Disorders 3286.2.4.1 Ischemia 3296.2.4.2 Hemorrhage 3416.2.4.3 Hemorrhagic Infarction 3496.2.5 Trauma 3496.2.5.1 Traumatic Brain Injury 3506.2.5.2 Traumatic Spinal-Cord Injury 3566.2.6 Neoplasia 3646.2.7 Inflammatory Diseases 3856.2.7.1 Infectious 4006.2.7.2 Noninfectious 4286.2.8 Degenerative Diseases 440References 4527 The Peripheral Nervous System 4757.1 Imaging Anatomy 4757.1.1 Cranial Nerves 4787.1.2 Spinal Nerves 4957.1.2.1 The Cervical Nerves 4997.1.2.2 The Brachial Plexus 5007.1.2.3 The Sympathetic Division 5017.2 Peripheral Nerve Abnormalities 5037.2.1 Neoplasia 5067.2.2 Trauma 5107.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 5117.2.4 Compression 5127.2.5 Degenerative Diseases 513References 522Section 4 Splanchnic (Viscera), Vascular, and Sense Organ Imaging 5258 The Digestive System 5278.1 Imaging Anatomy 5278.1.1 Oral Cavity 5278.1.2 Pharynx 5408.1.3 Cervical Esophagus 5448.2 Digestive Track Abnormalities 5458.2.1 Developmental Malformations 5458.2.2 Dysphagia 5528.2.3 Neoplasia 5648.2.4 Inflammation 579References 5989 The Respiratory System 6029.1 Imaging Anatomy 6029.1.1 Nasal Cavities and External Nose 6029.1.2 Paranasal Sinuses 6069.1.3 Nasopharynx, Larynx, and Cervical Trachea 6119.2 Respiratory Track Abnormalities 6209.2.1 Developmental Anomalies 6209.2.2 Inflammation/Infection 6259.2.3 Neoplasms 6309.2.4 Degenerative Disorders 634References 66810 Sense Organs, Circulatory System, and Endocrine System 67310.1 Imaging Anatomy 67310.1.1 Eye 67310.1.2 Ear 67410.1.3 Circulatory System 68110.1.4 Endocrine System 69110.2 Orbital Disorders 69310.2.1 Trauma 69510.2.2 Inflammatory Disease 70210.2.3 Neoplasms 70510.3 Ear Disorders 70710.3.1 Ear Diseases 70710.3.2 Guttural Pouch Disease 71510.3.3 Imaging Patterns of Disease 71810.4 Circulatory and Endocrine Disorders 72210.4.1 Developmental Anomalies 72210.4.2 Endocrine Disorders 72310.4.3 Circulatory System Disorders 733References 764Index 773