Rebecca Armstrong is Associate Professor in Classical Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Classics of the University of Oxford, and Mary Bennett Fellow and Tutor in Classics at St Hilda's College. She grew up in rural north Devon before coming to Oxford to study, and took up her current posts in 2004. She now lives in rural north Oxfordshire.

• 0: Introduction 0.1. Ancient botany and ways of seeing plants 0.1.1. Definitions of nature 0.2. Humans and plants: from anthropocentrism to ecocriticism 0.2.1. Plants and an anthropocentric world-view 0.2.2. Ancient environmentalisma 0.2.3. Ecocriticism and ancient literature 0.3. Gods and plants 0.3.1. Approaches to numen 0.3.2. Plants and everyday religion 0.3.3. Forms of association: nymphs and trees 0.4. Plants as symbol and metaphor 0.4.1. Plants, people, and analogy 0.4.2. Plants and politics 0.5. Poetic plants 0.5.1. Poetic plants before and beside Vergil 0.5.2. Plants and poetics in Vergil (a glimpse of a road not much taken) I: Numen I: Numinous Habitats I.1. Forests and woodland areas (silua, saltus, nemus, lucus) I.1.1. Backgrounds I.1.2. Habitarunt di quoque siluas: gods and woods in the Eclogues I.1.3. Present and absent numen in the woods of the Georgics I.1.4. Religio dira loci: the Aeneid's woodland numen I.1.4.1. Underworld woods: numen and confusion I.1.4.2. Echoes of the underworld: Aeaea, Tiber, Albunea, Amsanctus I.1.4.3. Woodland numen and the city I.2. Numen and plants in cultivated land: fields, meadows, plantations, and gardens (ager, aruus, campus, nouale /-is, pratum, rus, seges, arbusta, hortus) I.2.1. Expected and unexpected agricultural divinity in the Eclogues and Aeneid I.2.2. Ceres, Bacchus, corn, and vines in the Georgics I.2.3. Plants and divine metonymy II: Gods' Special Species II.1. Oak (aesculus, quercus, robur, and ilex) II.1.1. The oak transformed: votive tree and trophy II.2. Poplar (populus) II.3. Pine (pinus, picea) II.4. Olive and wild olive (oliua, oleaster) II.5. Laurel / bay (laurus) II.6. Myrtle (myrtus) II.7. Cypress (cupressus, cyparissus) II.8. Ivy (hedera) II.9. The borderline divine: magical and medicinal plants II: Homo III: Tame Plants III.1. Symbiosis III.1.1. Harmonious work in the Eclogues III.1.2. The locus amoenus and other harmonious habitats III.1.3. Grain and other field crops: shared endeavour and shared suffering III.1.4. Useful trees III.1.4.1. Useful trees and the exotic III.1.5. Productivity at a price: the vine III.2. Conflict III.2.1. Too much of a good thinga Farming as restraint of nature III.2.2. Farming as violence III.2.2.1. Vines and violence III.2.2.2. Grafting: art or abusea III.2.2.3. Cultivation and violence: metaphor in reverse IV: Wild Plants IV.1. Defining the wild IV.1.1. Flowers: wild yet tame, tame yet wild IV.1.1.1. Flowers and bees IV.1.1.2. Flowers and people: beauty, sex, and death IV.1.2. Wildness and spontaneous production in trees IV.1.3. Degeneration and degeneracy IV.2. Weeds IV.2.1. Weeds and further questions of definition IV.2.2. Characterizing weeds IV.2.3. Intermediate weeds IV.2.4. Crossing (and making) boundaries with brambles IV.2.5. Grass: from harmony to danger IV.3. Fighting and felling: a coda V: Conclusions Endmatter Works cited Index of plants Index of passages discussed General index

... Vergil's Green Thoughts will be valuable for scholars interested in the many ways of thinking about plants and their significance in Vergil, and about the botanical connections among his three works.

Rebecca Armstrong is Associate Professor in Classical Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Classics of the University of Oxford, and Mary Bennett Fellow and Tutor in Classics at St Hilda's College. She grew up in rural north Devon before coming to Oxford to study, and took up her current posts in 2004. She now lives in rural north Oxfordshire.

• 0: Introduction 0.1. Ancient botany and ways of seeing plants 0.1.1. Definitions of nature 0.2. Humans and plants: from anthropocentrism to ecocriticism 0.2.1. Plants and an anthropocentric world-view 0.2.2. Ancient environmentalisma 0.2.3. Ecocriticism and ancient literature 0.3. Gods and plants 0.3.1. Approaches to numen 0.3.2. Plants and everyday religion 0.3.3. Forms of association: nymphs and trees 0.4. Plants as symbol and metaphor 0.4.1. Plants, people, and analogy 0.4.2. Plants and politics 0.5. Poetic plants 0.5.1. Poetic plants before and beside Vergil 0.5.2. Plants and poetics in Vergil (a glimpse of a road not much taken) I: Numen I: Numinous Habitats I.1. Forests and woodland areas (silua, saltus, nemus, lucus) I.1.1. Backgrounds I.1.2. Habitarunt di quoque siluas: gods and woods in the Eclogues I.1.3. Present and absent numen in the woods of the Georgics I.1.4. Religio dira loci: the Aeneid's woodland numen I.1.4.1. Underworld woods: numen and confusion I.1.4.2. Echoes of the underworld: Aeaea, Tiber, Albunea, Amsanctus I.1.4.3. Woodland numen and the city I.2. Numen and plants in cultivated land: fields, meadows, plantations, and gardens (ager, aruus, campus, nouale /-is, pratum, rus, seges, arbusta, hortus) I.2.1. Expected and unexpected agricultural divinity in the Eclogues and Aeneid I.2.2. Ceres, Bacchus, corn, and vines in the Georgics I.2.3. Plants and divine metonymy II: Gods' Special Species II.1. Oak (aesculus, quercus, robur, and ilex) II.1.1. The oak transformed: votive tree and trophy II.2. Poplar (populus) II.3. Pine (pinus, picea) II.4. Olive and wild olive (oliua, oleaster) II.5. Laurel / bay (laurus) II.6. Myrtle (myrtus) II.7. Cypress (cupressus, cyparissus) II.8. Ivy (hedera) II.9. The borderline divine: magical and medicinal plants II: Homo III: Tame Plants III.1. Symbiosis III.1.1. Harmonious work in the Eclogues III.1.2. The locus amoenus and other harmonious habitats III.1.3. Grain and other field crops: shared endeavour and shared suffering III.1.4. Useful trees III.1.4.1. Useful trees and the exotic III.1.5. Productivity at a price: the vine III.2. Conflict III.2.1. Too much of a good thinga Farming as restraint of nature III.2.2. Farming as violence III.2.2.1. Vines and violence III.2.2.2. Grafting: art or abusea III.2.2.3. Cultivation and violence: metaphor in reverse IV: Wild Plants IV.1. Defining the wild IV.1.1. Flowers: wild yet tame, tame yet wild IV.1.1.1. Flowers and bees IV.1.1.2. Flowers and people: beauty, sex, and death IV.1.2. Wildness and spontaneous production in trees IV.1.3. Degeneration and degeneracy IV.2. Weeds IV.2.1. Weeds and further questions of definition IV.2.2. Characterizing weeds IV.2.3. Intermediate weeds IV.2.4. Crossing (and making) boundaries with brambles IV.2.5. Grass: from harmony to danger IV.3. Fighting and felling: a coda V: Conclusions Endmatter Works cited Index of plants Index of passages discussed General index

... Vergil's Green Thoughts will be valuable for scholars interested in the many ways of thinking about plants and their significance in Vergil, and about the botanical connections among his three works.

Rebecca Armstrong is Associate Professor in Classical Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Classics of the University of Oxford, and Mary Bennett Fellow and Tutor in Classics at St Hilda's College. She grew up in rural north Devon before coming to Oxford to study, and took up her current posts in 2004. She now lives in rural north Oxfordshire.

• 0: Introduction 0.1. Ancient botany and ways of seeing plants 0.1.1. Definitions of nature 0.2. Humans and plants: from anthropocentrism to ecocriticism 0.2.1. Plants and an anthropocentric world-view 0.2.2. Ancient environmentalisma 0.2.3. Ecocriticism and ancient literature 0.3. Gods and plants 0.3.1. Approaches to numen 0.3.2. Plants and everyday religion 0.3.3. Forms of association: nymphs and trees 0.4. Plants as symbol and metaphor 0.4.1. Plants, people, and analogy 0.4.2. Plants and politics 0.5. Poetic plants 0.5.1. Poetic plants before and beside Vergil 0.5.2. Plants and poetics in Vergil (a glimpse of a road not much taken) I: Numen I: Numinous Habitats I.1. Forests and woodland areas (silua, saltus, nemus, lucus) I.1.1. Backgrounds I.1.2. Habitarunt di quoque siluas: gods and woods in the Eclogues I.1.3. Present and absent numen in the woods of the Georgics I.1.4. Religio dira loci: the Aeneid's woodland numen I.1.4.1. Underworld woods: numen and confusion I.1.4.2. Echoes of the underworld: Aeaea, Tiber, Albunea, Amsanctus I.1.4.3. Woodland numen and the city I.2. Numen and plants in cultivated land: fields, meadows, plantations, and gardens (ager, aruus, campus, nouale /-is, pratum, rus, seges, arbusta, hortus) I.2.1. Expected and unexpected agricultural divinity in the Eclogues and Aeneid I.2.2. Ceres, Bacchus, corn, and vines in the Georgics I.2.3. Plants and divine metonymy II: Gods' Special Species II.1. Oak (aesculus, quercus, robur, and ilex) II.1.1. The oak transformed: votive tree and trophy II.2. Poplar (populus) II.3. Pine (pinus, picea) II.4. Olive and wild olive (oliua, oleaster) II.5. Laurel / bay (laurus) II.6. Myrtle (myrtus) II.7. Cypress (cupressus, cyparissus) II.8. Ivy (hedera) II.9. The borderline divine: magical and medicinal plants II: Homo III: Tame Plants III.1. Symbiosis III.1.1. Harmonious work in the Eclogues III.1.2. The locus amoenus and other harmonious habitats III.1.3. Grain and other field crops: shared endeavour and shared suffering III.1.4. Useful trees III.1.4.1. Useful trees and the exotic III.1.5. Productivity at a price: the vine III.2. Conflict III.2.1. Too much of a good thinga Farming as restraint of nature III.2.2. Farming as violence III.2.2.1. Vines and violence III.2.2.2. Grafting: art or abusea III.2.2.3. Cultivation and violence: metaphor in reverse IV: Wild Plants IV.1. Defining the wild IV.1.1. Flowers: wild yet tame, tame yet wild IV.1.1.1. Flowers and bees IV.1.1.2. Flowers and people: beauty, sex, and death IV.1.2. Wildness and spontaneous production in trees IV.1.3. Degeneration and degeneracy IV.2. Weeds IV.2.1. Weeds and further questions of definition IV.2.2. Characterizing weeds IV.2.3. Intermediate weeds IV.2.4. Crossing (and making) boundaries with brambles IV.2.5. Grass: from harmony to danger IV.3. Fighting and felling: a coda V: Conclusions Endmatter Works cited Index of plants Index of passages discussed General index

... Vergil's Green Thoughts will be valuable for scholars interested in the many ways of thinking about plants and their significance in Vergil, and about the botanical connections among his three works.