ROBERT C. BREARS is the founder of Mitidaption, Mark and Focus; director on the International Board of the Indo Global Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture; and a visiting fellow (non-resident) at the Center for Conflict Studies at MIIS, Monterey, United States.

• Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xviiAcknowledgements xixIntroduction 11 Water 101 51.1 What is water? 51.2 Hydrological cycle 61.3 Natural variations to water quantity 111.4 Natural variations to water quality 141.5 Impacts of urbanisation on water resources 171.6 Water and wastewater treatment processes 202 What is urban water security? 252.1 Non-climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 262.2 Climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 302.3 Reducing non-climatic and climatic risks to urban water security 323 Managing water sustainably to achieve urban water security 373.1 What is sustainability? 373.2 What does sustainability mean in urban water management? 423.3 Sustainable water resources management frameworks 453.4 Framework for managing urban water sustainably: Integrated urban water management 493.5 Other frameworks for managing urban water sustainably 524 Demand management to achieve urban water security 604.1 Purpose of demand management 604.2 Regulatory and technological demand management instruments 624.3 Communication and information demand management instruments 754.4. Portfolio of demand management tools 785 Transitions 865.1 What is a transition? 865.2 Operationalisation of transitions 915.3 Diffusion mechanisms 935.4 Transition management 956 Transitions towards managing natural resources and water 1056.1 Transitions in natural resource management 1066.2 What is a transition in urban water management? 1096.3 Operationalising transitions in third-order scarcity 1126.4 Barriers to transitions towards urban water security 1157 Amsterdam transitioning towards urban water security 1367.1 Brief company background 1367.2 Water supply and water consumption 1377.3 Strategic vision: Amsterdam's Definitely Sustainable 2011–2014 1387.4 Drivers of water security 1387.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1417.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1447.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1467.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1498 Berlin transitioning towards urban water security 1518.1 Brief company background 1518.2 Water supply and water consumption 1528.3 Strategic vision: Using water wisely 1538.4 Drivers of water security 1538.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1558.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1598.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1608.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1639 Copenhagen transitioning towards urban water security 1659.1 Brief company background 1659.2 Water supply and water consumption 1669.3 Strategic vision: Water supply plan (2012–2016) 1669.4 Drivers of water security 1679.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1699.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1749.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1759.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 17810 Denver transitioning towards urban water security 18010.1 Brief company background 18010.2 Water supply and water consumption 18110.3 Strategic vision: Denver Water's 22 percent water target 18310.4 Drivers of water security 18310.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 18510.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 19110.7 Case study SWOT analysis 19410.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 19611 Hamburg transitioning towards urban water security 19911.1 Brief company background 19911.2 Water supply and water consumption 20011.3 Strategic vision: The HAMBURG WATER Cycle 20011.4 Drivers of water security 20011.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20211.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20611.7 Case study SWOT analysis 20711.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 21012 London transitioning towards urban water security 21112.1 Brief company background 21112.2 Water supply and water consumption 21212.3 Strategic vision: Reducing consumption 21212.4 Drivers of water security 21212.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21312.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21612.7 Case study SWOT analysis 22012.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 22413 Singapore transitioning towards urban water security 22513.1 Brief company background 22513.2 Water supply and water consumption 22613.3 Strategic vision: Balancing supply with rising demand 22713.4 Drivers of water security 22713.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 22913.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 23513.7 Case study SWOT analysis 23713.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 24114 Toronto transitioning towards urban water security 24214.1 Brief company background 24214.2 Water supply and water consumption 24314.3 Strategic vision: Toronto's Water Efficiency Plan 24414.4 Drivers of water security 24414.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 24514.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 25014.7 Case study SWOT analysis 25214.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 25615 Vancouver transitioning towards urban water security 25715.1 Brief company background 25715.2 Water supply and water consumption 25815.3 Strategic vision: Clean water and lower consumption 25915.4 Drivers of water security 26015.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26115.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26615.7 Case study SWOT analysis 26715.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 27116 Sharing the journey: Best practices and lessons learnt 27216.1 Best practices 27216.2 Lessons learnt 27616.3 Moving forwards 280Conclusions 284Index 292

ROBERT C. BREARS is the founder of Mitidaption, Mark and Focus; director on the International Board of the Indo Global Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture; and a visiting fellow (non-resident) at the Center for Conflict Studies at MIIS, Monterey, United States.

• Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xviiAcknowledgements xixIntroduction 11 Water 101 51.1 What is water? 51.2 Hydrological cycle 61.3 Natural variations to water quantity 111.4 Natural variations to water quality 141.5 Impacts of urbanisation on water resources 171.6 Water and wastewater treatment processes 202 What is urban water security? 252.1 Non-climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 262.2 Climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 302.3 Reducing non-climatic and climatic risks to urban water security 323 Managing water sustainably to achieve urban water security 373.1 What is sustainability? 373.2 What does sustainability mean in urban water management? 423.3 Sustainable water resources management frameworks 453.4 Framework for managing urban water sustainably: Integrated urban water management 493.5 Other frameworks for managing urban water sustainably 524 Demand management to achieve urban water security 604.1 Purpose of demand management 604.2 Regulatory and technological demand management instruments 624.3 Communication and information demand management instruments 754.4. Portfolio of demand management tools 785 Transitions 865.1 What is a transition? 865.2 Operationalisation of transitions 915.3 Diffusion mechanisms 935.4 Transition management 956 Transitions towards managing natural resources and water 1056.1 Transitions in natural resource management 1066.2 What is a transition in urban water management? 1096.3 Operationalising transitions in third-order scarcity 1126.4 Barriers to transitions towards urban water security 1157 Amsterdam transitioning towards urban water security 1367.1 Brief company background 1367.2 Water supply and water consumption 1377.3 Strategic vision: Amsterdam's Definitely Sustainable 2011–2014 1387.4 Drivers of water security 1387.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1417.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1447.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1467.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1498 Berlin transitioning towards urban water security 1518.1 Brief company background 1518.2 Water supply and water consumption 1528.3 Strategic vision: Using water wisely 1538.4 Drivers of water security 1538.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1558.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1598.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1608.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1639 Copenhagen transitioning towards urban water security 1659.1 Brief company background 1659.2 Water supply and water consumption 1669.3 Strategic vision: Water supply plan (2012–2016) 1669.4 Drivers of water security 1679.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1699.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1749.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1759.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 17810 Denver transitioning towards urban water security 18010.1 Brief company background 18010.2 Water supply and water consumption 18110.3 Strategic vision: Denver Water's 22 percent water target 18310.4 Drivers of water security 18310.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 18510.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 19110.7 Case study SWOT analysis 19410.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 19611 Hamburg transitioning towards urban water security 19911.1 Brief company background 19911.2 Water supply and water consumption 20011.3 Strategic vision: The HAMBURG WATER Cycle 20011.4 Drivers of water security 20011.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20211.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20611.7 Case study SWOT analysis 20711.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 21012 London transitioning towards urban water security 21112.1 Brief company background 21112.2 Water supply and water consumption 21212.3 Strategic vision: Reducing consumption 21212.4 Drivers of water security 21212.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21312.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21612.7 Case study SWOT analysis 22012.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 22413 Singapore transitioning towards urban water security 22513.1 Brief company background 22513.2 Water supply and water consumption 22613.3 Strategic vision: Balancing supply with rising demand 22713.4 Drivers of water security 22713.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 22913.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 23513.7 Case study SWOT analysis 23713.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 24114 Toronto transitioning towards urban water security 24214.1 Brief company background 24214.2 Water supply and water consumption 24314.3 Strategic vision: Toronto's Water Efficiency Plan 24414.4 Drivers of water security 24414.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 24514.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 25014.7 Case study SWOT analysis 25214.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 25615 Vancouver transitioning towards urban water security 25715.1 Brief company background 25715.2 Water supply and water consumption 25815.3 Strategic vision: Clean water and lower consumption 25915.4 Drivers of water security 26015.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26115.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26615.7 Case study SWOT analysis 26715.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 27116 Sharing the journey: Best practices and lessons learnt 27216.1 Best practices 27216.2 Lessons learnt 27616.3 Moving forwards 280Conclusions 284Index 292

ROBERT C. BREARS is the founder of Mitidaption, Mark and Focus; director on the International Board of the Indo Global Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture; and a visiting fellow (non-resident) at the Center for Conflict Studies at MIIS, Monterey, United States.

• Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xviiAcknowledgements xixIntroduction 11 Water 101 51.1 What is water? 51.2 Hydrological cycle 61.3 Natural variations to water quantity 111.4 Natural variations to water quality 141.5 Impacts of urbanisation on water resources 171.6 Water and wastewater treatment processes 202 What is urban water security? 252.1 Non-climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 262.2 Climatic challenges to achieving urban water security 302.3 Reducing non-climatic and climatic risks to urban water security 323 Managing water sustainably to achieve urban water security 373.1 What is sustainability? 373.2 What does sustainability mean in urban water management? 423.3 Sustainable water resources management frameworks 453.4 Framework for managing urban water sustainably: Integrated urban water management 493.5 Other frameworks for managing urban water sustainably 524 Demand management to achieve urban water security 604.1 Purpose of demand management 604.2 Regulatory and technological demand management instruments 624.3 Communication and information demand management instruments 754.4. Portfolio of demand management tools 785 Transitions 865.1 What is a transition? 865.2 Operationalisation of transitions 915.3 Diffusion mechanisms 935.4 Transition management 956 Transitions towards managing natural resources and water 1056.1 Transitions in natural resource management 1066.2 What is a transition in urban water management? 1096.3 Operationalising transitions in third-order scarcity 1126.4 Barriers to transitions towards urban water security 1157 Amsterdam transitioning towards urban water security 1367.1 Brief company background 1367.2 Water supply and water consumption 1377.3 Strategic vision: Amsterdam's Definitely Sustainable 2011–2014 1387.4 Drivers of water security 1387.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1417.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1447.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1467.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1498 Berlin transitioning towards urban water security 1518.1 Brief company background 1518.2 Water supply and water consumption 1528.3 Strategic vision: Using water wisely 1538.4 Drivers of water security 1538.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1558.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1598.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1608.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 1639 Copenhagen transitioning towards urban water security 1659.1 Brief company background 1659.2 Water supply and water consumption 1669.3 Strategic vision: Water supply plan (2012–2016) 1669.4 Drivers of water security 1679.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1699.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 1749.7 Case study SWOT analysis 1759.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 17810 Denver transitioning towards urban water security 18010.1 Brief company background 18010.2 Water supply and water consumption 18110.3 Strategic vision: Denver Water's 22 percent water target 18310.4 Drivers of water security 18310.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 18510.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 19110.7 Case study SWOT analysis 19410.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 19611 Hamburg transitioning towards urban water security 19911.1 Brief company background 19911.2 Water supply and water consumption 20011.3 Strategic vision: The HAMBURG WATER Cycle 20011.4 Drivers of water security 20011.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20211.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 20611.7 Case study SWOT analysis 20711.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 21012 London transitioning towards urban water security 21112.1 Brief company background 21112.2 Water supply and water consumption 21212.3 Strategic vision: Reducing consumption 21212.4 Drivers of water security 21212.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21312.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 21612.7 Case study SWOT analysis 22012.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 22413 Singapore transitioning towards urban water security 22513.1 Brief company background 22513.2 Water supply and water consumption 22613.3 Strategic vision: Balancing supply with rising demand 22713.4 Drivers of water security 22713.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 22913.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 23513.7 Case study SWOT analysis 23713.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 24114 Toronto transitioning towards urban water security 24214.1 Brief company background 24214.2 Water supply and water consumption 24314.3 Strategic vision: Toronto's Water Efficiency Plan 24414.4 Drivers of water security 24414.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 24514.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 25014.7 Case study SWOT analysis 25214.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 25615 Vancouver transitioning towards urban water security 25715.1 Brief company background 25715.2 Water supply and water consumption 25815.3 Strategic vision: Clean water and lower consumption 25915.4 Drivers of water security 26015.5 Regulatory and technological demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26115.6 Communication and information demand management tools to achieve urban water security 26615.7 Case study SWOT analysis 26715.8 Transitioning towards urban water security summary 27116 Sharing the journey: Best practices and lessons learnt 27216.1 Best practices 27216.2 Lessons learnt 27616.3 Moving forwards 280Conclusions 284Index 292