Professor Franco Maloberti, University of Pavia, ItalyFranco Maloberti is currently Professor of Microelectronics and Head of the Micro Integrated? Systems Group at the University of Pavia. His specialized subjects are in the design, analysis and characterization of integrated circuits and analog digital applications, mainly in the areas of switched-capacitor circuits, data converters, interfaces for telecommunication and sensor systems, and CAD for analog and mixed A/D design. He has written four books and over 370 papers on these topics, and holds 27 patents.Recipient of the XII Pedriali Prize for his technical and scientific contributions to national industrial production, Dr Maloberti was also the co-recipient of the 1996 Institute of Electrical Engineers Fleming Premium, the best Paper award, ESSCIRC-2007, and the best paper award, IEEJ Analog Workshop-2007. He received the 1999 IEEE CAS Society Meritorious Service Award, the 2000 CAS Society Golden Jubilee Medal, and the 2000 IEEE Millennium Medal.Dr Maloberti was the President of the IEEE Sensor Council from 2002 to 2003, and Vice-President, Region 8, of the IEEE CAS Society from 1995 to 1997, also an Associate Editor of IEEE TCAS-II. He is an IEEE Fellow and is presently serving as VP Publications of the IEEE CAS Society.

• Preface xviiList of Abbreviations xxi1 Overview, Goals and Strategy 11.1 Good Morning 11.2 Planning the Trip 41.3 Electronic Systems 51.3.1 Meeting a System 81.4 Transducers 111.4.1 Sensors 111.4.2 Actuators 141.5 What is the Role of the Computer? 161.6 Goal and Learning Strategies 191.6.1 Teamwork Attitude 201.6.2 Creativity and Execution 201.6.3 Use of Simulation Tools 211.7 Self Training, Examples and Simulations 211.7.1 Role of Examples and Computer Simulations 221.8 Business Issues, Complexity and CAD Tools 231.8.1 CAD Tools 231.8.2 Analog Simulator 241.8.3 Device and Macro-block Models 251.8.4 Digital Simulation 261.9 ELectronic VIrtual Student Lab (ElvisLab) 27Problems 292 Signals 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Types of Signals 352.3 Time and Frequency Domains 452.4 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals 512.4.1 The Sampling Theorem 552.5 Using Sampled-Data Signals 572.5.1 The z-transform 582.6 Discrete-amplitude Signals 592.6.1 Quantized Signal Coding 642.7 Signals Representation 652.7.1 The Decibel 672.8 DFT and FFT 692.9 Windowing 702.10 Good and Bad Signals 752.10.1 Offset 762.10.2 Interference 772.10.3 Harmonic Distortion 782.10.4 Noise 822.11 THD, SNR, SNDR, Dynamic Range 86Problems 89Additional Computer Examples 923 Electronic Systems 953.1 Introduction 953.2 Electronics for Entertainment 963.2.1 Electronic Toys 963.2.2 Video Game and Game Console 1003.2.3 Personal Media Player 1013.3 Systems for Communication 1033.3.1 Wired Communication Systems 1033.3.2 Wireless: Voice, Video and Data 1043.3.3 RFID 1073.4 Computation and Processing 1083.4.1 Microprocessor 1103.4.2 Digital Signal Processor 1113.4.3 Data Storage 1123.5 Measure, Safety, and Control 1143.5.1 The Weather Station 1153.5.2 Data Fusion 1163.5.3 Systems for Automobile Control 1193.5.4 Noise-canceling Headphones 1203.6 System Partitioning 1223.7 System Testing 124Problems 125Additional Computer Examples 1264 Signal Processing 1274.1 What is Signal Processing? 1274.2 Linear and Non-linear Processing 1304.3 Analog and Digital Processing 1354.3.1 Timing for Signal Processing 1384.4 Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.1 Time Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.2 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 1444.4.3 Transfer Function 1474.5 Bode Diagram 1514.5.1 Amplitude Bode Diagram 1514.5.2 Phase Bode Diagram 1554.6 Filters 1584.6.1 Analog Design and Sensitivity 1624.6.2 Sampled-data Analog and Digital Design 1674.7 Non-linear Processing 169Problems 175Additional Computer Examples 1795 Circuits for Systems 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 Processing with Electronic Circuits 1835.2.1 Electronic Interfaces 1845.2.2 Driving Capability 1885.2.3 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 1915.2.4 DC and AC Coupling 1935.2.5 Ground and Ground for Signal 1975.2.6 Single-ended and Differential Circuits 1985.3 Inside Analog Electronic Blocks 2005.3.1 Simple Continuous-time Filters 2015.3.2 Two-Pole Filters 2055.4 Continuous-time Linear Basic Functions 2055.4.1 Addition of Signals 2065.4.2 The Virtual Ground Concept 2095.4.3 Multiplication by a Constant 2125.4.4 Integration and Derivative 2145.5 Continuous-time Non-linear Basic Functions 2215.5.1 Threshold Detection 2225.5.2 Analog Multiplier 2235.6 Analog Discrete-time Basic Operations 2255.7 Limits in Real Analog Circuits 2275.8 Circuits for Digital Design 2295.8.1 Symbols of Digital Blocks 2305.8.2 Implementation of Digital Functions 233Problems 2346 Analog Processing Blocks 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Choosing the Part 2416.3 Operational Amplifier 2426.3.1 Ideal Operation 2426.4 Op-Amp Description 2446.4.1 General Description 2446.4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings and Operating Rating 2446.4.3 Electrical Characteristics 2456.4.4 Packaging and Board Assembly 2546.4.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit 2556.5 Use of Operational Amplifiers 2576.5.1 Inverting Amplifier 2576.5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier 2616.5.3 Superposing Inverting and Non-inverting Amplification 2626.5.4 Weighted Addition of Signals (with Inversion) 2646.5.5 Unity Gain Buffer 2656.5.6 Integration and Derivative 2666.5.7 Generalized Amplifier 2686.6 Operation with Real Op-amps 2696.6.1 Input Offset 2696.6.2 Finite Gain 2706.6.3 Non-ideal Input and Output Impedances 2716.6.4 Finite Bandwidth 2766.6.5 Slew-rate Output Clipping and Non-linear Gain 2776.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifier 2806.7.1 Use of the OTA 2806.8 Comparator 2846.8.1 Comparator Data Sheet 2866.8.2 Clocked Comparator 289Problems 2897 Data Converters 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Types and Specifications 2957.2.1 General Features 2957.2.2 Electrical Static Specifications 2967.2.3 Electrical Dynamic Specifications 2997.2.4 Digital and Switching Data 3027.3 Filters for Data Conversion 3037.3.1 Anti-aliasing and Reconstruction Filters 3037.3.2 Oversampling and Digital Filters 3057.4 Nyquist-rate DAC 3067.4.1 Resistor-based Architectures 3067.4.2 Capacitance-based Architectures 3127.4.3 Parasitic Insensitivity 3147.4.4 Hybrid Resistive–capacitive Architectures 3167.4.5 Current-based Architectures 3177.5 Nyquist-rate ADC 3217.5.1 Flash Converter 3227.5.2 Two-step Flash 3247.5.3 Pipeline Converters 3277.5.4 Slow Converters 3287.6 Oversampled Converter 3327.6.1 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise 3327.6.2 Benefit of the Noise View 3367.6.3 Sigma–Delta Modulators 3377.7 Decimation and Interpolation 342Problems 3448 Digital Processing Circuits 3478.1 Introduction 3478.2 Digital Waveforms 3488.2.1 Data Transfer and Data Communication 3508.2.2 Propagation Delay 3548.2.3 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation 3558.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits 3568.3.1 Combinational Circuits 3568.3.2 Sequential Circuits 3588.4 Digital Architectures with Memories 3608.5 Logic and Arithmetic Functions 3628.5.1 Adder and Subtracter 3628.5.2 Multiplier 3658.5.3 Registers and Counters 3718.6 Circuit Design Styles 3778.6.1 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) and FPGAs 3788.7 Memory Circuits 3818.7.1 Random-access Memory Organization and Speed 3828.7.2 Types of Memories 3848.7.3 Circuits for Memories 386Problems 3919 Basic Electronic Devices 3939.1 Introduction 3939.2 The Diode 3959.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 3989.2.2 Parasitic Junction Capacitance 4009.2.3 Zener and Avalanche Breakdown 4029.2.4 Doping and p–n Junction 4039.2.5 Diode in Simple Circuits 4079.3 The MOS Transistor 4119.3.1 MOS Physical Structure 4129.3.2 Voltage–current Relationship 4149.3.3 Approximating the I–V Equation 4169.3.4 Parasitic Effects 4179.3.5 Equivalent Circuit 4199.4 MOS Transistor in Simple Circuits 4219.5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 4239.5.1 The BJT Physical Structure 4269.5.2 BJT Voltage–current Relationships 4279.5.3 Bipolar Transistor Model and Parameters 4319.5.4 Darlington Configuration 4339.5.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor 4349.6 Bipolar Transistor in Simple Circuits 4359.7 The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) 4399.8 Transistors for Power Management 441Problems 44310 Analog Building Cells 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Use of Small-signal Equivalent Circuits 44610.3 Inverting Voltage Amplifier 44710.4 MOS Inverter with Resistive Load 45110.4.1 Small-signal Analysis of the CMOS Inverter 45210.5 CMOS Inverter with Active Load 45410.5.1 CMOS Inverter with Active Load: Small-signal Analysis 45610.6 Inverting Amplifier with Bipolar Transistors 45910.6.1 Small-signal Analysis of BJT Inverters 46210.7 Source and Emitter Follower 47110.7.1 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of Source and Emitter Follower 47310.7.2 Small-signal Input and Output Resistance 47410.8 Cascode with Active Load 47710.8.1 Equivalent Resistances 48010.8.2 Cascode with Cascode Load 48210.9 Differential Pair 48310.10 Current Mirror 48710.10.1 Equivalent Circuit 48810.10.2 Current Mirror with High Output Resistance 48910.10.3 Differential to Single-ended Converter 49010.11 Reference Generators 492Problems 49311 Digital Building Cells 49511.1 Introduction 49511.2 Logic Gates 49611.2.1 Gate Specifications 49711.3 Boolean Algebra and Logic Combinations 49911.4 Combinational Logic Circuits 50411.4.1 Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR 50511.4.2 Half-adder and Full-adder 50711.4.3 Logic Comparators 50911.4.4 Decoders 51111.4.5 Parity Generator and Parity Checker 51311.5 Sequential Logic Circuits 51411.5.1 Latch 51411.5.2 Gated Latch 51611.5.3 Edge-triggered Flip-flop 51711.5.4 Master–slave Flip-flop 51911.6 Flip-flop Specifications 52011.7 Transistor Schemes of Logic Cells 52211.7.1 CMOS Inverter 52211.7.2 Dynamic Response of CMOS Inverters 52611.7.3 Power Consumption 52911.7.4 NOR and NAND 53011.7.5 Pass-gate Logic 53211.7.6 Tri-state Gates 53411.7.7 Dynamic Logic Circuits 535Problems 53612 Feedback 53912.1 Introduction 53912.2 General Configuration 54012.2.1 Linear Feedback Systems 54112.3 Properties of Negative Feedback 54312.3.1 Gain Sensitivity 54512.3.2 Bandwidth Improvement 54512.3.3 Reducing Distortion 54712.3.4 Noise Behavior 54912.4 Types of Feedback 55112.4.1 Real Input and Output Ports 55312.4.2 Input and Output Resistances 55512.5 Stability 55912.5.1 Frequency Response of Feedback Circuits 55912.5.2 Gain and Phase Margins 56212.5.3 Compensation of Operational Amplifiers 56312.6 Feedback Networks 566Problems 56813 Power Conversion and Power Management 57113.1 Introduction 57113.2 Voltage Rectifiers 57213.2.1 Half-wave Rectifier 57313.2.2 Full-wave Rectifier 57713.3 Voltage Regulators 58113.3.1 Zener Regulator 58113.3.2 Series Linear Regulator 58313.3.3 Series Linear Regulator with Adjustable Voltage 58813.3.4 Supply of Active Blocks and Drop-out Voltage 59013.3.5 Low Drop-out (LDO) Voltage Regulator 59113.3.6 Protection Circuits 59313.4 Switched Capacitor Regulator 59513.4.1 Power Consumed by SC Regulators 59713.4.2 Generation of Negative Voltages 59913.4.3 Voltage Ripple 60013.5 Charge Pump 60113.6 Switching Regulators 60413.6.1 Buck Converter 60513.6.2 Boost Converter 60713.6.3 Buck–boost Converter 61013.6.4 Loop Control and Switches 61113.6.5 Efficiency of Switching Regulator 61313.7 Power Management 61513.7.1 Rechargeable Batteries 61513.7.2 Power Harvesting 61813.7.3 Power Management Techniques 620Problems 62214 Signal Generation and Signal Measurement 62314.1 Introduction 62314.2 Generation of Simple Waveforms 62414.3 Oscillators 62714.3.1 Wien-bridge Oscillator 62914.3.2 Phase-shift Oscillator 63014.3.3 Ring Oscillator 63114.3.4 Tank and Harmonic Oscillator 63414.3.5 Digitally Controlled and Voltage-controlled Oscillator (VCO) 63614.3.6 Quartz Oscillator 63814.3.7 Phase Noise and Jitter 64014.3.8 Phase-locked Oscillator 64214.4 DAC-based Signal Generator 64714.5 Signal Measurement 64914.5.1 Multimeter 65114.5.2 Oscilloscope 65214.5.3 Logic Analyzer 65514.6 Spectrum Analyzer 657Problems 658Index 661

Professor Franco Maloberti, University of Pavia, ItalyFranco Maloberti is currently Professor of Microelectronics and Head of the Micro Integrated? Systems Group at the University of Pavia. His specialized subjects are in the design, analysis and characterization of integrated circuits and analog digital applications, mainly in the areas of switched-capacitor circuits, data converters, interfaces for telecommunication and sensor systems, and CAD for analog and mixed A/D design. He has written four books and over 370 papers on these topics, and holds 27 patents.Recipient of the XII Pedriali Prize for his technical and scientific contributions to national industrial production, Dr Maloberti was also the co-recipient of the 1996 Institute of Electrical Engineers Fleming Premium, the best Paper award, ESSCIRC-2007, and the best paper award, IEEJ Analog Workshop-2007. He received the 1999 IEEE CAS Society Meritorious Service Award, the 2000 CAS Society Golden Jubilee Medal, and the 2000 IEEE Millennium Medal.Dr Maloberti was the President of the IEEE Sensor Council from 2002 to 2003, and Vice-President, Region 8, of the IEEE CAS Society from 1995 to 1997, also an Associate Editor of IEEE TCAS-II. He is an IEEE Fellow and is presently serving as VP Publications of the IEEE CAS Society.

• Preface xviiList of Abbreviations xxi1 Overview, Goals and Strategy 11.1 Good Morning 11.2 Planning the Trip 41.3 Electronic Systems 51.3.1 Meeting a System 81.4 Transducers 111.4.1 Sensors 111.4.2 Actuators 141.5 What is the Role of the Computer? 161.6 Goal and Learning Strategies 191.6.1 Teamwork Attitude 201.6.2 Creativity and Execution 201.6.3 Use of Simulation Tools 211.7 Self Training, Examples and Simulations 211.7.1 Role of Examples and Computer Simulations 221.8 Business Issues, Complexity and CAD Tools 231.8.1 CAD Tools 231.8.2 Analog Simulator 241.8.3 Device and Macro-block Models 251.8.4 Digital Simulation 261.9 ELectronic VIrtual Student Lab (ElvisLab) 27Problems 292 Signals 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Types of Signals 352.3 Time and Frequency Domains 452.4 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals 512.4.1 The Sampling Theorem 552.5 Using Sampled-Data Signals 572.5.1 The z-transform 582.6 Discrete-amplitude Signals 592.6.1 Quantized Signal Coding 642.7 Signals Representation 652.7.1 The Decibel 672.8 DFT and FFT 692.9 Windowing 702.10 Good and Bad Signals 752.10.1 Offset 762.10.2 Interference 772.10.3 Harmonic Distortion 782.10.4 Noise 822.11 THD, SNR, SNDR, Dynamic Range 86Problems 89Additional Computer Examples 923 Electronic Systems 953.1 Introduction 953.2 Electronics for Entertainment 963.2.1 Electronic Toys 963.2.2 Video Game and Game Console 1003.2.3 Personal Media Player 1013.3 Systems for Communication 1033.3.1 Wired Communication Systems 1033.3.2 Wireless: Voice, Video and Data 1043.3.3 RFID 1073.4 Computation and Processing 1083.4.1 Microprocessor 1103.4.2 Digital Signal Processor 1113.4.3 Data Storage 1123.5 Measure, Safety, and Control 1143.5.1 The Weather Station 1153.5.2 Data Fusion 1163.5.3 Systems for Automobile Control 1193.5.4 Noise-canceling Headphones 1203.6 System Partitioning 1223.7 System Testing 124Problems 125Additional Computer Examples 1264 Signal Processing 1274.1 What is Signal Processing? 1274.2 Linear and Non-linear Processing 1304.3 Analog and Digital Processing 1354.3.1 Timing for Signal Processing 1384.4 Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.1 Time Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.2 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 1444.4.3 Transfer Function 1474.5 Bode Diagram 1514.5.1 Amplitude Bode Diagram 1514.5.2 Phase Bode Diagram 1554.6 Filters 1584.6.1 Analog Design and Sensitivity 1624.6.2 Sampled-data Analog and Digital Design 1674.7 Non-linear Processing 169Problems 175Additional Computer Examples 1795 Circuits for Systems 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 Processing with Electronic Circuits 1835.2.1 Electronic Interfaces 1845.2.2 Driving Capability 1885.2.3 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 1915.2.4 DC and AC Coupling 1935.2.5 Ground and Ground for Signal 1975.2.6 Single-ended and Differential Circuits 1985.3 Inside Analog Electronic Blocks 2005.3.1 Simple Continuous-time Filters 2015.3.2 Two-Pole Filters 2055.4 Continuous-time Linear Basic Functions 2055.4.1 Addition of Signals 2065.4.2 The Virtual Ground Concept 2095.4.3 Multiplication by a Constant 2125.4.4 Integration and Derivative 2145.5 Continuous-time Non-linear Basic Functions 2215.5.1 Threshold Detection 2225.5.2 Analog Multiplier 2235.6 Analog Discrete-time Basic Operations 2255.7 Limits in Real Analog Circuits 2275.8 Circuits for Digital Design 2295.8.1 Symbols of Digital Blocks 2305.8.2 Implementation of Digital Functions 233Problems 2346 Analog Processing Blocks 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Choosing the Part 2416.3 Operational Amplifier 2426.3.1 Ideal Operation 2426.4 Op-Amp Description 2446.4.1 General Description 2446.4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings and Operating Rating 2446.4.3 Electrical Characteristics 2456.4.4 Packaging and Board Assembly 2546.4.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit 2556.5 Use of Operational Amplifiers 2576.5.1 Inverting Amplifier 2576.5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier 2616.5.3 Superposing Inverting and Non-inverting Amplification 2626.5.4 Weighted Addition of Signals (with Inversion) 2646.5.5 Unity Gain Buffer 2656.5.6 Integration and Derivative 2666.5.7 Generalized Amplifier 2686.6 Operation with Real Op-amps 2696.6.1 Input Offset 2696.6.2 Finite Gain 2706.6.3 Non-ideal Input and Output Impedances 2716.6.4 Finite Bandwidth 2766.6.5 Slew-rate Output Clipping and Non-linear Gain 2776.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifier 2806.7.1 Use of the OTA 2806.8 Comparator 2846.8.1 Comparator Data Sheet 2866.8.2 Clocked Comparator 289Problems 2897 Data Converters 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Types and Specifications 2957.2.1 General Features 2957.2.2 Electrical Static Specifications 2967.2.3 Electrical Dynamic Specifications 2997.2.4 Digital and Switching Data 3027.3 Filters for Data Conversion 3037.3.1 Anti-aliasing and Reconstruction Filters 3037.3.2 Oversampling and Digital Filters 3057.4 Nyquist-rate DAC 3067.4.1 Resistor-based Architectures 3067.4.2 Capacitance-based Architectures 3127.4.3 Parasitic Insensitivity 3147.4.4 Hybrid Resistive–capacitive Architectures 3167.4.5 Current-based Architectures 3177.5 Nyquist-rate ADC 3217.5.1 Flash Converter 3227.5.2 Two-step Flash 3247.5.3 Pipeline Converters 3277.5.4 Slow Converters 3287.6 Oversampled Converter 3327.6.1 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise 3327.6.2 Benefit of the Noise View 3367.6.3 Sigma–Delta Modulators 3377.7 Decimation and Interpolation 342Problems 3448 Digital Processing Circuits 3478.1 Introduction 3478.2 Digital Waveforms 3488.2.1 Data Transfer and Data Communication 3508.2.2 Propagation Delay 3548.2.3 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation 3558.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits 3568.3.1 Combinational Circuits 3568.3.2 Sequential Circuits 3588.4 Digital Architectures with Memories 3608.5 Logic and Arithmetic Functions 3628.5.1 Adder and Subtracter 3628.5.2 Multiplier 3658.5.3 Registers and Counters 3718.6 Circuit Design Styles 3778.6.1 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) and FPGAs 3788.7 Memory Circuits 3818.7.1 Random-access Memory Organization and Speed 3828.7.2 Types of Memories 3848.7.3 Circuits for Memories 386Problems 3919 Basic Electronic Devices 3939.1 Introduction 3939.2 The Diode 3959.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 3989.2.2 Parasitic Junction Capacitance 4009.2.3 Zener and Avalanche Breakdown 4029.2.4 Doping and p–n Junction 4039.2.5 Diode in Simple Circuits 4079.3 The MOS Transistor 4119.3.1 MOS Physical Structure 4129.3.2 Voltage–current Relationship 4149.3.3 Approximating the I–V Equation 4169.3.4 Parasitic Effects 4179.3.5 Equivalent Circuit 4199.4 MOS Transistor in Simple Circuits 4219.5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 4239.5.1 The BJT Physical Structure 4269.5.2 BJT Voltage–current Relationships 4279.5.3 Bipolar Transistor Model and Parameters 4319.5.4 Darlington Configuration 4339.5.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor 4349.6 Bipolar Transistor in Simple Circuits 4359.7 The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) 4399.8 Transistors for Power Management 441Problems 44310 Analog Building Cells 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Use of Small-signal Equivalent Circuits 44610.3 Inverting Voltage Amplifier 44710.4 MOS Inverter with Resistive Load 45110.4.1 Small-signal Analysis of the CMOS Inverter 45210.5 CMOS Inverter with Active Load 45410.5.1 CMOS Inverter with Active Load: Small-signal Analysis 45610.6 Inverting Amplifier with Bipolar Transistors 45910.6.1 Small-signal Analysis of BJT Inverters 46210.7 Source and Emitter Follower 47110.7.1 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of Source and Emitter Follower 47310.7.2 Small-signal Input and Output Resistance 47410.8 Cascode with Active Load 47710.8.1 Equivalent Resistances 48010.8.2 Cascode with Cascode Load 48210.9 Differential Pair 48310.10 Current Mirror 48710.10.1 Equivalent Circuit 48810.10.2 Current Mirror with High Output Resistance 48910.10.3 Differential to Single-ended Converter 49010.11 Reference Generators 492Problems 49311 Digital Building Cells 49511.1 Introduction 49511.2 Logic Gates 49611.2.1 Gate Specifications 49711.3 Boolean Algebra and Logic Combinations 49911.4 Combinational Logic Circuits 50411.4.1 Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR 50511.4.2 Half-adder and Full-adder 50711.4.3 Logic Comparators 50911.4.4 Decoders 51111.4.5 Parity Generator and Parity Checker 51311.5 Sequential Logic Circuits 51411.5.1 Latch 51411.5.2 Gated Latch 51611.5.3 Edge-triggered Flip-flop 51711.5.4 Master–slave Flip-flop 51911.6 Flip-flop Specifications 52011.7 Transistor Schemes of Logic Cells 52211.7.1 CMOS Inverter 52211.7.2 Dynamic Response of CMOS Inverters 52611.7.3 Power Consumption 52911.7.4 NOR and NAND 53011.7.5 Pass-gate Logic 53211.7.6 Tri-state Gates 53411.7.7 Dynamic Logic Circuits 535Problems 53612 Feedback 53912.1 Introduction 53912.2 General Configuration 54012.2.1 Linear Feedback Systems 54112.3 Properties of Negative Feedback 54312.3.1 Gain Sensitivity 54512.3.2 Bandwidth Improvement 54512.3.3 Reducing Distortion 54712.3.4 Noise Behavior 54912.4 Types of Feedback 55112.4.1 Real Input and Output Ports 55312.4.2 Input and Output Resistances 55512.5 Stability 55912.5.1 Frequency Response of Feedback Circuits 55912.5.2 Gain and Phase Margins 56212.5.3 Compensation of Operational Amplifiers 56312.6 Feedback Networks 566Problems 56813 Power Conversion and Power Management 57113.1 Introduction 57113.2 Voltage Rectifiers 57213.2.1 Half-wave Rectifier 57313.2.2 Full-wave Rectifier 57713.3 Voltage Regulators 58113.3.1 Zener Regulator 58113.3.2 Series Linear Regulator 58313.3.3 Series Linear Regulator with Adjustable Voltage 58813.3.4 Supply of Active Blocks and Drop-out Voltage 59013.3.5 Low Drop-out (LDO) Voltage Regulator 59113.3.6 Protection Circuits 59313.4 Switched Capacitor Regulator 59513.4.1 Power Consumed by SC Regulators 59713.4.2 Generation of Negative Voltages 59913.4.3 Voltage Ripple 60013.5 Charge Pump 60113.6 Switching Regulators 60413.6.1 Buck Converter 60513.6.2 Boost Converter 60713.6.3 Buck–boost Converter 61013.6.4 Loop Control and Switches 61113.6.5 Efficiency of Switching Regulator 61313.7 Power Management 61513.7.1 Rechargeable Batteries 61513.7.2 Power Harvesting 61813.7.3 Power Management Techniques 620Problems 62214 Signal Generation and Signal Measurement 62314.1 Introduction 62314.2 Generation of Simple Waveforms 62414.3 Oscillators 62714.3.1 Wien-bridge Oscillator 62914.3.2 Phase-shift Oscillator 63014.3.3 Ring Oscillator 63114.3.4 Tank and Harmonic Oscillator 63414.3.5 Digitally Controlled and Voltage-controlled Oscillator (VCO) 63614.3.6 Quartz Oscillator 63814.3.7 Phase Noise and Jitter 64014.3.8 Phase-locked Oscillator 64214.4 DAC-based Signal Generator 64714.5 Signal Measurement 64914.5.1 Multimeter 65114.5.2 Oscilloscope 65214.5.3 Logic Analyzer 65514.6 Spectrum Analyzer 657Problems 658Index 661

Professor Franco Maloberti, University of Pavia, ItalyFranco Maloberti is currently Professor of Microelectronics and Head of the Micro Integrated? Systems Group at the University of Pavia. His specialized subjects are in the design, analysis and characterization of integrated circuits and analog digital applications, mainly in the areas of switched-capacitor circuits, data converters, interfaces for telecommunication and sensor systems, and CAD for analog and mixed A/D design. He has written four books and over 370 papers on these topics, and holds 27 patents.Recipient of the XII Pedriali Prize for his technical and scientific contributions to national industrial production, Dr Maloberti was also the co-recipient of the 1996 Institute of Electrical Engineers Fleming Premium, the best Paper award, ESSCIRC-2007, and the best paper award, IEEJ Analog Workshop-2007. He received the 1999 IEEE CAS Society Meritorious Service Award, the 2000 CAS Society Golden Jubilee Medal, and the 2000 IEEE Millennium Medal.Dr Maloberti was the President of the IEEE Sensor Council from 2002 to 2003, and Vice-President, Region 8, of the IEEE CAS Society from 1995 to 1997, also an Associate Editor of IEEE TCAS-II. He is an IEEE Fellow and is presently serving as VP Publications of the IEEE CAS Society.

• Preface xviiList of Abbreviations xxi1 Overview, Goals and Strategy 11.1 Good Morning 11.2 Planning the Trip 41.3 Electronic Systems 51.3.1 Meeting a System 81.4 Transducers 111.4.1 Sensors 111.4.2 Actuators 141.5 What is the Role of the Computer? 161.6 Goal and Learning Strategies 191.6.1 Teamwork Attitude 201.6.2 Creativity and Execution 201.6.3 Use of Simulation Tools 211.7 Self Training, Examples and Simulations 211.7.1 Role of Examples and Computer Simulations 221.8 Business Issues, Complexity and CAD Tools 231.8.1 CAD Tools 231.8.2 Analog Simulator 241.8.3 Device and Macro-block Models 251.8.4 Digital Simulation 261.9 ELectronic VIrtual Student Lab (ElvisLab) 27Problems 292 Signals 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Types of Signals 352.3 Time and Frequency Domains 452.4 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals 512.4.1 The Sampling Theorem 552.5 Using Sampled-Data Signals 572.5.1 The z-transform 582.6 Discrete-amplitude Signals 592.6.1 Quantized Signal Coding 642.7 Signals Representation 652.7.1 The Decibel 672.8 DFT and FFT 692.9 Windowing 702.10 Good and Bad Signals 752.10.1 Offset 762.10.2 Interference 772.10.3 Harmonic Distortion 782.10.4 Noise 822.11 THD, SNR, SNDR, Dynamic Range 86Problems 89Additional Computer Examples 923 Electronic Systems 953.1 Introduction 953.2 Electronics for Entertainment 963.2.1 Electronic Toys 963.2.2 Video Game and Game Console 1003.2.3 Personal Media Player 1013.3 Systems for Communication 1033.3.1 Wired Communication Systems 1033.3.2 Wireless: Voice, Video and Data 1043.3.3 RFID 1073.4 Computation and Processing 1083.4.1 Microprocessor 1103.4.2 Digital Signal Processor 1113.4.3 Data Storage 1123.5 Measure, Safety, and Control 1143.5.1 The Weather Station 1153.5.2 Data Fusion 1163.5.3 Systems for Automobile Control 1193.5.4 Noise-canceling Headphones 1203.6 System Partitioning 1223.7 System Testing 124Problems 125Additional Computer Examples 1264 Signal Processing 1274.1 What is Signal Processing? 1274.2 Linear and Non-linear Processing 1304.3 Analog and Digital Processing 1354.3.1 Timing for Signal Processing 1384.4 Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.1 Time Response of Linear Systems 1414.4.2 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 1444.4.3 Transfer Function 1474.5 Bode Diagram 1514.5.1 Amplitude Bode Diagram 1514.5.2 Phase Bode Diagram 1554.6 Filters 1584.6.1 Analog Design and Sensitivity 1624.6.2 Sampled-data Analog and Digital Design 1674.7 Non-linear Processing 169Problems 175Additional Computer Examples 1795 Circuits for Systems 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 Processing with Electronic Circuits 1835.2.1 Electronic Interfaces 1845.2.2 Driving Capability 1885.2.3 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 1915.2.4 DC and AC Coupling 1935.2.5 Ground and Ground for Signal 1975.2.6 Single-ended and Differential Circuits 1985.3 Inside Analog Electronic Blocks 2005.3.1 Simple Continuous-time Filters 2015.3.2 Two-Pole Filters 2055.4 Continuous-time Linear Basic Functions 2055.4.1 Addition of Signals 2065.4.2 The Virtual Ground Concept 2095.4.3 Multiplication by a Constant 2125.4.4 Integration and Derivative 2145.5 Continuous-time Non-linear Basic Functions 2215.5.1 Threshold Detection 2225.5.2 Analog Multiplier 2235.6 Analog Discrete-time Basic Operations 2255.7 Limits in Real Analog Circuits 2275.8 Circuits for Digital Design 2295.8.1 Symbols of Digital Blocks 2305.8.2 Implementation of Digital Functions 233Problems 2346 Analog Processing Blocks 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Choosing the Part 2416.3 Operational Amplifier 2426.3.1 Ideal Operation 2426.4 Op-Amp Description 2446.4.1 General Description 2446.4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings and Operating Rating 2446.4.3 Electrical Characteristics 2456.4.4 Packaging and Board Assembly 2546.4.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit 2556.5 Use of Operational Amplifiers 2576.5.1 Inverting Amplifier 2576.5.2 Non-inverting Amplifier 2616.5.3 Superposing Inverting and Non-inverting Amplification 2626.5.4 Weighted Addition of Signals (with Inversion) 2646.5.5 Unity Gain Buffer 2656.5.6 Integration and Derivative 2666.5.7 Generalized Amplifier 2686.6 Operation with Real Op-amps 2696.6.1 Input Offset 2696.6.2 Finite Gain 2706.6.3 Non-ideal Input and Output Impedances 2716.6.4 Finite Bandwidth 2766.6.5 Slew-rate Output Clipping and Non-linear Gain 2776.7 Operational Transconductance Amplifier 2806.7.1 Use of the OTA 2806.8 Comparator 2846.8.1 Comparator Data Sheet 2866.8.2 Clocked Comparator 289Problems 2897 Data Converters 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Types and Specifications 2957.2.1 General Features 2957.2.2 Electrical Static Specifications 2967.2.3 Electrical Dynamic Specifications 2997.2.4 Digital and Switching Data 3027.3 Filters for Data Conversion 3037.3.1 Anti-aliasing and Reconstruction Filters 3037.3.2 Oversampling and Digital Filters 3057.4 Nyquist-rate DAC 3067.4.1 Resistor-based Architectures 3067.4.2 Capacitance-based Architectures 3127.4.3 Parasitic Insensitivity 3147.4.4 Hybrid Resistive–capacitive Architectures 3167.4.5 Current-based Architectures 3177.5 Nyquist-rate ADC 3217.5.1 Flash Converter 3227.5.2 Two-step Flash 3247.5.3 Pipeline Converters 3277.5.4 Slow Converters 3287.6 Oversampled Converter 3327.6.1 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise 3327.6.2 Benefit of the Noise View 3367.6.3 Sigma–Delta Modulators 3377.7 Decimation and Interpolation 342Problems 3448 Digital Processing Circuits 3478.1 Introduction 3478.2 Digital Waveforms 3488.2.1 Data Transfer and Data Communication 3508.2.2 Propagation Delay 3548.2.3 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation 3558.3 Combinational and Sequential Circuits 3568.3.1 Combinational Circuits 3568.3.2 Sequential Circuits 3588.4 Digital Architectures with Memories 3608.5 Logic and Arithmetic Functions 3628.5.1 Adder and Subtracter 3628.5.2 Multiplier 3658.5.3 Registers and Counters 3718.6 Circuit Design Styles 3778.6.1 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) and FPGAs 3788.7 Memory Circuits 3818.7.1 Random-access Memory Organization and Speed 3828.7.2 Types of Memories 3848.7.3 Circuits for Memories 386Problems 3919 Basic Electronic Devices 3939.1 Introduction 3939.2 The Diode 3959.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 3989.2.2 Parasitic Junction Capacitance 4009.2.3 Zener and Avalanche Breakdown 4029.2.4 Doping and p–n Junction 4039.2.5 Diode in Simple Circuits 4079.3 The MOS Transistor 4119.3.1 MOS Physical Structure 4129.3.2 Voltage–current Relationship 4149.3.3 Approximating the I–V Equation 4169.3.4 Parasitic Effects 4179.3.5 Equivalent Circuit 4199.4 MOS Transistor in Simple Circuits 4219.5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 4239.5.1 The BJT Physical Structure 4269.5.2 BJT Voltage–current Relationships 4279.5.3 Bipolar Transistor Model and Parameters 4319.5.4 Darlington Configuration 4339.5.5 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor 4349.6 Bipolar Transistor in Simple Circuits 4359.7 The Junction Field-effect Transistor (JFET) 4399.8 Transistors for Power Management 441Problems 44310 Analog Building Cells 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Use of Small-signal Equivalent Circuits 44610.3 Inverting Voltage Amplifier 44710.4 MOS Inverter with Resistive Load 45110.4.1 Small-signal Analysis of the CMOS Inverter 45210.5 CMOS Inverter with Active Load 45410.5.1 CMOS Inverter with Active Load: Small-signal Analysis 45610.6 Inverting Amplifier with Bipolar Transistors 45910.6.1 Small-signal Analysis of BJT Inverters 46210.7 Source and Emitter Follower 47110.7.1 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of Source and Emitter Follower 47310.7.2 Small-signal Input and Output Resistance 47410.8 Cascode with Active Load 47710.8.1 Equivalent Resistances 48010.8.2 Cascode with Cascode Load 48210.9 Differential Pair 48310.10 Current Mirror 48710.10.1 Equivalent Circuit 48810.10.2 Current Mirror with High Output Resistance 48910.10.3 Differential to Single-ended Converter 49010.11 Reference Generators 492Problems 49311 Digital Building Cells 49511.1 Introduction 49511.2 Logic Gates 49611.2.1 Gate Specifications 49711.3 Boolean Algebra and Logic Combinations 49911.4 Combinational Logic Circuits 50411.4.1 Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR 50511.4.2 Half-adder and Full-adder 50711.4.3 Logic Comparators 50911.4.4 Decoders 51111.4.5 Parity Generator and Parity Checker 51311.5 Sequential Logic Circuits 51411.5.1 Latch 51411.5.2 Gated Latch 51611.5.3 Edge-triggered Flip-flop 51711.5.4 Master–slave Flip-flop 51911.6 Flip-flop Specifications 52011.7 Transistor Schemes of Logic Cells 52211.7.1 CMOS Inverter 52211.7.2 Dynamic Response of CMOS Inverters 52611.7.3 Power Consumption 52911.7.4 NOR and NAND 53011.7.5 Pass-gate Logic 53211.7.6 Tri-state Gates 53411.7.7 Dynamic Logic Circuits 535Problems 53612 Feedback 53912.1 Introduction 53912.2 General Configuration 54012.2.1 Linear Feedback Systems 54112.3 Properties of Negative Feedback 54312.3.1 Gain Sensitivity 54512.3.2 Bandwidth Improvement 54512.3.3 Reducing Distortion 54712.3.4 Noise Behavior 54912.4 Types of Feedback 55112.4.1 Real Input and Output Ports 55312.4.2 Input and Output Resistances 55512.5 Stability 55912.5.1 Frequency Response of Feedback Circuits 55912.5.2 Gain and Phase Margins 56212.5.3 Compensation of Operational Amplifiers 56312.6 Feedback Networks 566Problems 56813 Power Conversion and Power Management 57113.1 Introduction 57113.2 Voltage Rectifiers 57213.2.1 Half-wave Rectifier 57313.2.2 Full-wave Rectifier 57713.3 Voltage Regulators 58113.3.1 Zener Regulator 58113.3.2 Series Linear Regulator 58313.3.3 Series Linear Regulator with Adjustable Voltage 58813.3.4 Supply of Active Blocks and Drop-out Voltage 59013.3.5 Low Drop-out (LDO) Voltage Regulator 59113.3.6 Protection Circuits 59313.4 Switched Capacitor Regulator 59513.4.1 Power Consumed by SC Regulators 59713.4.2 Generation of Negative Voltages 59913.4.3 Voltage Ripple 60013.5 Charge Pump 60113.6 Switching Regulators 60413.6.1 Buck Converter 60513.6.2 Boost Converter 60713.6.3 Buck–boost Converter 61013.6.4 Loop Control and Switches 61113.6.5 Efficiency of Switching Regulator 61313.7 Power Management 61513.7.1 Rechargeable Batteries 61513.7.2 Power Harvesting 61813.7.3 Power Management Techniques 620Problems 62214 Signal Generation and Signal Measurement 62314.1 Introduction 62314.2 Generation of Simple Waveforms 62414.3 Oscillators 62714.3.1 Wien-bridge Oscillator 62914.3.2 Phase-shift Oscillator 63014.3.3 Ring Oscillator 63114.3.4 Tank and Harmonic Oscillator 63414.3.5 Digitally Controlled and Voltage-controlled Oscillator (VCO) 63614.3.6 Quartz Oscillator 63814.3.7 Phase Noise and Jitter 64014.3.8 Phase-locked Oscillator 64214.4 DAC-based Signal Generator 64714.5 Signal Measurement 64914.5.1 Multimeter 65114.5.2 Oscilloscope 65214.5.3 Logic Analyzer 65514.6 Spectrum Analyzer 657Problems 658Index 661