Ultrasound Elastography for Biomedical Applications and Medicine

Ivan Z. Nenadic, Matthew W. Urban, James F. Greenleaf, Mayo Clinic, USA. Jean-Luc Gennisson, Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi-Modalités, France. Miguel Bernal, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colombia. Mickael Tanter, Institut Langevin – Ondes et Images, ESPCI ParisTech CNRS, France.

• List of Contributors xixSection I Introduction 11 Editors’ Introduction 3Ivan Nenadic, Matthew Urban, James Greenleaf, Jean-Luc Gennisson,Miguel Bernal, and Mickael TanterReferences 5Section II Fundamentals of Ultrasound Elastography 72 Theory of Ultrasound Physics and Imaging 9Roberto Lavarello andMichael L. Oelze2.1 Introduction 92.2 Modeling the Response of the Source to Stimuli [h(t)] 102.3 Modeling the Fields from Sources [p(t, x)] 122.4 Modeling an Ultrasonic Scattered Field [s(t, x)] 152.5 Modeling the Bulk Properties of the Medium [a(t, x)] 192.6 Processing Approaches Derived from the Physics of Ultrasound [Ω] 212.7 Conclusions 26References 273 Elastography and the Continuum of Tissue Response 29Kevin J. Parker3.1 Introduction 293.2 Some Classical Solutions 313.3 The Continuum Approach 323.4 Conclusion 33Acknowledgments 33References 344 Ultrasonic Methods for Assessment of TissueMotion in Elastography 35Jingfeng Jiang and Bo Peng4.1 Introduction 354.2 Basic Concepts and their Relevance in Tissue Motion Tracking 364.3 Tracking Tissue Motion through Frequency-domain Methods 374.4 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Time-domain Correlation-based Methods 394.5 Tracking Tissue Motion through Combining Time-domain and Frequency-domain Information 444.6 Time-domain Maximum A Posterior (MAP) Speckle Tracking Methods 454.7 Optical Flow-based Tissue Motion Tracking 534.8 Deformable Mesh-based Motion-tracking Methods 554.9 Future Outlook 574.10 Conclusions 63Acknowledgments 63Acronyms 63Additional Nomenclature of Definitions and Acronyms 64References 65Section III Theory of Mechanical Properties of Tissue 715 Continuum Mechanics Tensor Calculus and Solutions toWave Equations 73Luiz Vasconcelos, Jean-Luc Gennisson, and Ivan Nenadic5.1 Introduction 735.2 Mathematical Basis and Notation 735.3 Solutions toWave Equations 75References 816 TransverseWave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 82Jean-Luc Gennisson6.1 Introduction 826.2 Theoretical Considerations from General to Transverse Isotropic Models for Soft Tissues 826.3 Experimental Assessment of Anisotropic Ratio by ShearWave Elastography 876.4 Conclusion 88References 887 TransverseWave Propagation in Bounded Media 90Javier Brum7.1 Introduction 907.2 TransverseWave Propagation in Isotropic Elastic Plates 907.3 Plate in Vacuum: LambWaves 937.4 Viscoelastic Plate in Liquid: Leaky LambWaves 967.5 Isotropic Plate Embedded Between Two Semi-infinite Elastic Solids 997.6 TransverseWave Propagation in Anisotropic Viscoelastic Plates Surrounded by Non-viscous Fluid 1007.7 Conclusions 103Acknowledgments 103References 1038 Rheological Model-based Methods for Estimating Tissue Viscoelasticity 105Jean-Luc Gennisson8.1 Introduction 1058.2 Shear Modulus and Rheological Models 1068.3 Applications of Rheological Models 113References 1169 Wave Propagation in ViscoelasticMaterials 118YueWang andMichael F. Insana9.1 Introduction 1189.2 Estimating the Complex Shear Modulus from PropagatingWaves 1199.3 Wave Generation and Propagation 1209.4 Rheological Models 1229.5 Experimental Results and Applications 1249.6 Summary 125References 126Section IV Static and Low Frequency Elastography 12910 Validation of Quantitative Linear and Nonlinear Compression Elastography 131Jean Francois Dord, Sevan Goenezen, Assad A. Oberai, Paul E. Barbone, Jingfeng Jiang,Timothy J. Hall, and Theo Pavan10.1 Introduction 13110.2 Methods 13210.3 Results 13410.4 Discussion 13710.5 Conclusions 140Acknowledgement 141References 14111 Cardiac Strain and Strain Rate Imaging 143Brecht Heyde, OanaMirea, and Jan D’hooge11.1 Introduction 14311.2 Strain Definitions in Cardiology 14311.3 Methodologies Towards Cardiac Strain (Rate) Estimation 14511.4 Experimental Validation of the Proposed Methodologies 14911.4.1 Synthetic Data Testing 15011.5 Clinical Applications 15111.6 Future Developments 153References 15412 Vascular and Intravascular Elastography 161Marvin M. Doyley12.1 Introduction 16112.2 General Principles 16112.3 Conclusion 168References 16813 Viscoelastic Creep Imaging 171Carolina Amador Carrascal13.1 Introduction 17113.2 Overview of Governing Principles 17213.3 Imaging Techniques 17313.4 Conclusion 187References 18714 Intrinsic CardiovascularWave and Strain Imaging 189Elisa Konofagou14.1 Introduction 18914.2 Cardiac Imaging 18914.3 Vascular Imaging 208Acknowledgements 219References 219Section V Harmonic ElastographyMethods 22715 Dynamic Elasticity Imaging 229Kevin J. Parker15.1 Vibration Amplitude Sonoelastography: Early Results 22915.2 Sonoelastic Theory 22915.3 Vibration Phase Gradient Sonoelastography 23215.4 CrawlingWaves 23315.5 Clinical Results 23315.6 Conclusion 234Acknowledgments 235References 23516 Harmonic ShearWave Elastography 238Heng Zhao16.1 Introduction 23816.2 Basic Principles 23916.3 Ex Vivo Validation 24216.4 In Vivo Application 24416.5 Summary 246Acknowledgments 247References 24717 Vibro-acoustography and its Medical Applications 250Azra Alizad andMostafa Fatemi17.1 Introduction 25017.2 Background 25017.3 Application of Vibro-acoustography for Detection of Calcifications 25117.4 In Vivo Breast Vibro-acoustography 25417.5 In VivoThyroid Vibro-acoustography 25917.6 Limitations and Further Future Plans 260Acknowledgments 261References 26118 Harmonic Motion Imaging 264Elisa Konofagou18.1 Introduction 26418.2 Background 26418.3 Methods 26718.4 Preclinical Studies 27318.5 Future Prospects 277Acknowledgements 279References 27919 ShearWave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry 284Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen19.1 Introduction 28419.2 Principles of ShearWave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) 28419.3 Clinical Applications 28619.4 Summary 291References 292Section VI Transient ElastographyMethods 29520 Transient Elastography: From Research to Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Using Fibroscan® 297Laurent Sandrin,Magali Sasso, Stéphane Audière, Cécile Bastard, Céline Fournier,Jennifer Oudry, Véronique Miette, and Stefan Catheline20.1 Introduction 29720.2 Principles of Transient Elastography 29720.3 Fibroscan 30120.4 Application of Vibration-controlled Transient Elastography to Liver Diseases 30620.5 Other Applications of Transient Elastography 30920.6 Conclusion 310References 31121 From Time Reversal to Natural ShearWave Imaging 318Stefan Catheline21.1 Introduction: Time Reversal ShearWave in Soft Solids 31821.2 ShearWave Elastography using Correlation: Principle and Simulation Results 32021.3 Experimental Validation in Controlled Media 32321.4 Natural ShearWave Elastography: First In Vivo Results in the Liver, theThyroid, and the Brain 32821.5 Conclusion 331References 33122 Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Ultrasound 334Tomasz J. Czernuszewicz and Caterina M. Gallippi22.1 Introduction 33422.2 Impulsive Acoustic Radiation Force 33422.3 Monitoring ARFI-induced Tissue Motion 33522.4 ARFI Data Acquisition 34022.5 ARFI Image Formation 34122.6 Real-time ARFI Imaging 34322.7 Quantitative ARFI Imaging 34522.8 ARFI Imaging in Clinical Applications 34622.9 Commercial Implementation 35022.10 Related Technologies 35022.11 Conclusions 351References 35123 Supersonic Shear Imaging 357Jean-Luc Gennisson andMickael Tanter23.1 Introduction 35723.2 Radiation Force Excitation 35723.3 Ultrafast Imaging 36223.4 ShearWave Speed Mapping 36423.5 Conclusion 365References 36624 Single Tracking Location ShearWave Elastography 368Stephen A.McAleavey24.1 Introduction 36824.2 SMURF 37024.3 STL-SWEI 37324.4 Noise in SWE/Speckle Bias 37624.5 Estimation of viscoelastic parameters (STL-VE) 38024.6 Conclusion 384References 38425 Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography 388Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen25.1 Introduction 38825.2 Principles of Comb-push Ultrasound Shear Elastography (CUSE) 38925.3 Clinical Applications of CUSE 39625.4 Summary 396References 397Section VII Emerging Research Areas in Ultrasound Elastography 39926 Anisotropic ShearWave Elastography 401Sara Aristizabal26.1 Introduction 40126.2 ShearWave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 40226.3 Anisotropic ShearWave Elastography Applications 40326.4 Conclusion 420References 42027 Application of GuidedWaves for Quantifying Elasticity and Viscoelasticity of Boundary Sensitive Organs 422Sara Aristizabal, Matthew Urban, Luiz Vasconcelos, BenjaminWood,Miguel Bernal,Javier Brum, and Ivan Nenadic27.1 Introduction 42227.2 Myocardium 42227.3 Arteries 42627.4 Urinary Bladder 43127.5 Cornea 43327.6 Tendons 43527.7 Conclusions 439References 43928 Model-free Techniques for Estimating Tissue Viscoelasticity 442Daniel Escobar, Luiz Vasconcelos, Carolina Amador Carrascal, and Ivan Nenadic28.1 Introduction 44228.2 Overview of Governing Principles 44228.3 Imaging Techniques 44328.4 Conclusion 449References 44929 Nonlinear Shear Elasticity 451Jean-Luc Gennisson and Sara Aristizabal29.1 Introduction 45129.2 Shocked Plane ShearWaves 45129.3 Nonlinear Interaction of Plane ShearWaves 45529.4 Acoustoelasticity Theory 46029.5 Assessment of 4th Order Nonlinear Shear Parameter 46529.6 Conclusion 468References 468Section VIII Clinical Elastography Applications 47130 Current and Future Clinical Applications of Elasticity Imaging Techniques 473Matthew Urban30.1 Introduction 47330.2 Clinical Implementation and Use of Elastography 47430.3 Clinical Applications 47530.3.1 Liver 47530.3.2 Breast 47630.3.3 Thyroid 47630.3.4 Musculoskeletal 47630.3.5 Kidney 47730.3.6 Heart 47830.3.7 Arteries and Atherosclerotic Plaques 47930.4 FutureWork in Clinical Applications of Elastography 48030.5 Conclusions 480Acknowledgments 480References 48131 Abdominal Applications of ShearWave Ultrasound Vibrometry and Supersonic Shear Imaging 492Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen31.1 Introduction 49231.2 Liver Application 49231.3 Prostate Application 49431.4 Kidney Application 49531.5 Intestine Application 49631.6 Uterine Cervix Application 49731.7 Spleen Application 49731.8 Pancreas Application 49731.9 Bladder Application 49831.10 Summary 499References 49932 Acoustic Radiation Force-based Ultrasound Elastography for Cardiac Imaging Applications 504Stephanie A. Eyerly-Webb,MaryamVejdani-Jahromi, Vaibhav Kakkad, Peter Hollender,David Bradway, andGregg Trahey32.1 Introduction 50432.2 Acoustic Radiation Force-based Elastography Techniques 50432.3 ARF-based Elasticity Assessment of Cardiac Function 50532.4 ARF-based Image Guidance for Cardiac Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures 51032.5 Conclusions 515Funding Acknowledgements 515References 51633 Cardiovascular Application of ShearWave Elastography 520Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen33.1 Introduction 52033.2 Cardiovascular ShearWave Imaging Techniques 52133.3 Clinical Applications of Cardiovascular ShearWave Elastography 52533.4 Summary 529References 53034 Musculoskeletal Applications of Supersonic Shear Imaging 534Jean-Luc Gennisson34.1 Introduction 53434.2 Muscle Stiffness at Rest and During Passive Stretching 53534.3 Active and Dynamic Muscle Stiffness 53734.4 Tendon Applications 53934.5 Clinical Applications 54134.6 Future Directions 542References 54235 Breast ShearWave Elastography 545Azra Alizad35.1 Introduction 54535.2 Background 54535.3 Breast Elastography Techniques 54635.4 Application of CUSE for Breast Cancer Detection 54835.5 CUSE on a Clinical Ultrasound Scanner 54935.6 Limitations of Breast ShearWave Elastography 55135.7 Conclusion 552Acknowledgments 552References 55236 Thyroid ShearWave Elastography 557Azra Alizad36.1 Introduction 55736.2 Background 55736.3 Role of Ultrasound and its Limitation inThyroid Cancer Detection 55736.4 Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) 55836.5 The Role of Elasticity Imaging 55836.6 Application of CUSE onThyroid 56136.7 CUSE on Clinical Ultrasound Scanner 56136.8 Conclusion 563Acknowledgments 564References 564Section IX Perspective on Ultrasound Elastography 56737 Historical Growth of Ultrasound Elastography and Directions for the Future 569Armen Sarvazyan andMatthewW. Urban37.1 Introduction 56937.2 Elastography Publication Analysis 56937.3 Future Investigations of Acoustic Radiation Force for Elastography 57437.3.1 Nondissipative Acoustic Radiation Force 57437.3.2 Nonlinear Enhancement of Acoustic Radiation Force 57537.3.3 SpatialModulation of Acoustic Radiation Force Push Beams 57537.4 Conclusions 576Acknowledgments 577References 577Index 581