Ultra-Wideband Radio Propagation Channels

Pascal Pagani has been with France Telecom Research & Development since 2002, where he specializes in the characterization and modeling of the transmission channel and on the development of advanced communication systems for the home network environment. Friedman Tchoffo Talom is an R&D engineer at Satimo, France, having previously been a research engineer at the Laboratory of electronics and Information Technology (LETI) of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).Patrice Pajusco Joined France Telecom Research & Development in 1993. From 1999 to 2007, he managed a propagation research group. Currently, he is a senior research expert working on radio propagation.Bernard Uguen is a Professor at the University of Rennes 1, France. He is a specialist in radio wave propagation and in ray tracing techniques for deterministic radio channel simulation.

• Foreword 11Acronyms 17Chapter 1. UWB Technology and its Applications 211.1. Introduction 211.2. Definition and historical evolution 221.2.1. Definition 221.2.2. Historical evolution 231.3. Specificities of UWB 241.4. Considered applications 261.5. Regulation evolution 301.5.1. Regulation in the USA 311.5.2. Regulation in Europe 321.5.3. Regulation in Asia 331.6. UWB communication system and standardization 341.6.1. Impulse radio 351.6.1.1. Pulse position modulation 351.6.1.2. Pulse amplitude modulation 381.6.2. Direct sequence UWB 391.6.3.Multiband OFDM 401.7. Conclusion 41Chapter 2. Radio Wave Propagation 432.1. Introduction 432.2. Definition of the propagation channel 432.2.1. Free space propagation 442.2.2. Multipath propagation 452.2.3. Propagation channel variations 472.2.3.1. Spatial selectivity 482.2.3.2. Frequency selectivity 482.2.3.3. Doppler effect 502.3. Propagation channel representation 512.3.1.Mathematical formulation 512.3.2. Characterization of deterministic channels 522.3.2.1. The time varying impulse response 532.3.2.2. The frequency domain function 532.3.2.3. The time varying transfer function 542.3.2.4. The delay-Doppler spread function 542.3.3. Characterization of linear random channels 542.3.4. Channel classification 552.3.4.1.Wide sense stationary channels 552.3.4.2. Uncorrelated scattering channels 562.3.4.3. Wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering channels 572.4. Channel characteristic parameters 582.4.1. Frequency selectivity 582.4.1.1. RMS delay spread 592.4.1.2. Coherence bandwidth 592.4.1.3. Delay window and delay interval 602.4.1.4. Exponential decay constants 612.4.1.5. Cluster and ray arrival rates 612.4.2. Propagation loss 622.4.3. Fast fading 632.4.4. Spectral analysis 642.5. Conclusion 64Chapter 3. UWB Propagation Channel Sounding 673.1. Introduction 673.2. Specificity of UWB channel sounding 673.3. Measurement techniques for UWB channel sounding 703.3.1. Frequency domain techniques 713.3.1.1. Vector network analyzer 713.3.1.2. Chirp sounder 723.3.2. Time domain techniques 733.3.2.1. Pulsed techniques 733.3.2.2. Correlation measurements 753.3.2.3. Inversion techniques 783.3.3. Multiple-band time domain sounder for dynamic channels 783.3.3.1. Principle of multiple-band time domain sounding 803.3.3.2. Description of the SIMO channel sounder 813.3.3.3. Extension towards UWB 813.3.3.4. Experimental validation 843.4. UWB measurement campaigns 853.4.1. Overview of UWB measurement campaigns 853.4.2. Illustration of channel sounding experiments 913.4.2.1. Static measurement campaign over the 3.1–10.6 GHz band 913.4.2.2. Static measurement campaign over the 2–6 GHz band 953.4.2.3. Dynamic measurement campaign over the 4–5 GHz band 953.5. Conclusion 98Chapter 4. Deterministic Modeling of the UWB Channel 994.1. Introduction 994.2. Overview of deterministic modeling 994.2.1. FDTD based approach 1004.2.2.MoMbased approach 1004.2.3. Ray based approach 1014.3. Specificity of deterministic modeling in UWB 1014.4. Overview of UWB deterministic modeling 1024.4.1. Qiu model 1024.4.2. Yao model 1024.4.3. Attiya model 1034.4.4. Uguen and Tchoffo Talom model 1044.5. Illustration of a deterministic model formalism 1044.5.1. Received signal synthesis 1054.5.2. Ray impulse response without delay 1054.5.3. Ray channel matrix without delay 1084.5.4. Described model results 1104.5.4.1. Emitted waveform and considered scenario 1104.5.4.2. Channel matrix of each emitted waveform in the LOS case 1134.5.4.3. Received signal with ideal antennas 1144.6. Consideration of real antenna characteristics in deterministic modeling 1184.7. Building material effects on channel properties 1204.8. Simulation and measurement comparisons 1244.8.1. Evaluation of real antenna consideration 1244.8.2. Evaluation of impulse response reconstruction 1254.9. Conclusion 126Chapter 5. Statistical Modeling of the UWB Channel 1335.1. Experimental characterization of channel parameters 1345.1.1. Propagation loss 1345.1.1.1. Frequency propagation loss 1345.1.1.2. Distance propagation loss 1365.1.2. Impulse response characterization 1375.1.2.1. Delay spread 1375.1.2.2. Power delay profile decay 1415.1.2.3. Ray and cluster arrival rate 1455.1.3. Study of small-scale channel variations 1485.1.4. Effect of moving people 1515.1.4.1. Observation of temporal variations 1515.1.4.2. Slow fading 1525.1.4.3. Fast fading 1535.1.4.4. Spectral analysis 1565.2. Statistical channel modeling 1575.2.1. Examples of statistical models 1585.2.1.1. IEEE 802.15.3a model 1585.2.1.2. IEEE 802.15.4a model 1595.2.1.3. Other models 1605.2.2. Empirical modeling principles 1625.2.2.1. Propagation loss model 1625.2.2.2. Modeling the channel impulse response over an infinite bandwidth 1635.2.2.3. Modeling the channel impulse response over a limited bandwidth 1665.2.2.4. Simulation results 1665.3. Advanced modeling in a dynamic configuration 1695.3.1. Space variation modeling 1695.3.2.Modeling the effect of people 1725.4. Conclusion 175AppendicesA. Baseband Representation of the Radio Channel 177B. Statistical Distributions 181B.1. Definition 181B.1.1. Rayleigh distribution 181B.1.2. Rice distribution 182B.1.3. Nakagami distribution 183B.1.4.Weibull distribution 184B.1.5. Normal distribution 184B.1.6. Log-normal distribution 185B.1.7. Laplace distribution 185B.2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test 186C. Geometric Optics and Uniform Theory of Diffraction 189C.1. Geometric optics 189C.1.1. Introduction 189C.1.2. Field locality principle 190C.1.3. Field expression in geometric optics 191C.1.4. Change of local basis 192C.1.5. Incident field 192C.1.6. Reflected field 193C.1.7. Refracted and transmitted field 197C.2. Uniform theory of diffraction 200C.2.1. Introduction 200C.2.2. Diffracted field 200C.2.3. UTD 2D coefficient 201C.2.4. UTD 3D coefficient 204D. Ray Construction Techniques 209D.1. Ray launching 209D.2. Ray tracing 209D.3. Other techniques 211E. Description of the Time-Frequency Transform 213Bibliography 219Index 237