Triumphal Arch

Peter Howell was born in Malta in1941 and educated at Downside and Balliol College, Oxford. For thirty-five years he taught, first in the Classics Department of Bedford College and then at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, both in the University of London. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Uppsala in 2016. He has always had a keen interest in architectural history, especially that of the nineteenth century, and was Chairman of the Victorian Society from 1987 to 1993. He has written about both subjects: in classics about the epigrammatic poet Martial and in architectural history John Francis Bentley: Architect of Westminster Cathedral (Liverpool University Press, 2020). His longstanding interest in the triumphal arch links his two areas of scholarship.

• CONTENTSPREFACE viii1 THE ROMAN TRIUMPHAL ARCH: ORIGINS 12 ARCHES OF THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS 73 FROM TIBERIUS TO NERO 294 AFTER NERO IN ITALY 365 AFTER NERO IN EUROPE OUTSIDE ITALY 716 AFTER NERO IN ASIA MINOR 907 NORTH AFRICA 1078 FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE RENAISSANCE 1309 RENAISSANCE ITALY 13710 PAPAL ARCHES 16911 ARCHES FOR CELEBRATIONS IN ITALY 19112 ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTHCENTURIES 20213 FRANCE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 22114 FRANCE FROM LOUIS XIV TO THE REVOLUTION 22915 THE LOW COUNTRIES FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTHCENTURY 24616 ARCHES AS FEATURES OF PARKS AND LANDSCAPE GARDENS 26217 ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND IN THE EIGHTEENTHCENTURY 29118 ARCHES IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOR ROYAL OCCASIONS 30419 NAPOLEONIC ARCHES 31620 ARCHES IN FRANCE AFTER NAPOLEON I 32521 LONDON – THE MARBLE AND WELLINGTON ARCHES 32922 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THENINETEENTH CENTURY 33423 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 34824 RUSSIA AND MOLDOVA 35525 SCANDINAVIA 36326 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 36827 MALTA 37428 AMERICA, 1758–1939 37729 MEXICO, SOUTH AMERICA, CUBA 38130 AUSTRALIA 38831 INDIA 39332 THE FAR EAST 39633 ARCHES AS WAR MEMORIALS 40134 TWENTIETH- AND TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY ARCHES 425BIBLIOGRAPHY 440PICTURE CREDITS 441ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 443INDEX 444