WILLIAM E. WATSON is Associate Professor of History at Immaculata College. His research interests include cross-cultural contact and conflict. His previous publications include Collapse of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Greenwood, 1998).

• Three Legacies: Charles Martel, the Crusades, and NapoleonThe Sahara and the LegionFrance, the Muslims, and Eastern Mediterranean Through World War IFrench Colonization in the Islamic World Through the Interwar YearsWorld War II, the Arabs, and the EmpireThe Beginning of the End of the French Islamic EmpireThe Algerian CrisisThe Aftermath of Empire

WILLIAM E. WATSON is Associate Professor of History at Immaculata College. His research interests include cross-cultural contact and conflict. His previous publications include Collapse of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Greenwood, 1998).

• Three Legacies: Charles Martel, the Crusades, and NapoleonThe Sahara and the LegionFrance, the Muslims, and Eastern Mediterranean Through World War IFrench Colonization in the Islamic World Through the Interwar YearsWorld War II, the Arabs, and the EmpireThe Beginning of the End of the French Islamic EmpireThe Algerian CrisisThe Aftermath of Empire

WILLIAM E. WATSON is Associate Professor of History at Immaculata College. His research interests include cross-cultural contact and conflict. His previous publications include Collapse of Communism in the Twentieth Century (Greenwood, 1998).

• Three Legacies: Charles Martel, the Crusades, and NapoleonThe Sahara and the LegionFrance, the Muslims, and Eastern Mediterranean Through World War IFrench Colonization in the Islamic World Through the Interwar YearsWorld War II, the Arabs, and the EmpireThe Beginning of the End of the French Islamic EmpireThe Algerian CrisisThe Aftermath of Empire