Richard Gardiner is an Honorary Professor of Law at University College London where he has taught international law among other subjects. He has also practised as a barrister and was a legal adviser at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He is the author of Treaties, (Elements of International Law Series) (Oxford: OUP, 2023), of International Law (2003), and of numerous periodical articles and other publications.Joseph Klingler is a partner at Foley Hoag LLP, where he represents sovereign States and State-owned entities before the world's principal dispute resolution bodies. Joseph has argued before the International Court of Justice and numerous inter-State and investor-State tribunals, including under the purview of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Joseph has published extensively on matters of international law. He teaches treaty interpretation at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva and lectures at other universities around the world

• 1: A Single Set of Rules of Interpretation 2: Development of Rules of Interpretation 3: Interpretative Material Generated in Making Treaties 4: Who Uses the Vienna Convention to Interpret Treaties? 5: The General Rule: (1) The Treaty, its Terms, and their Ordinary Meaning 6: The General Rule: (2) Agreements as Context, Subsequent Agreements, and Subsequent Practice 7: The General Rule: (3) Relevant Rules of International Law and Special Meanings 8: Supplementary Means of Interpretation 9: Languages 10: Criticism, Themes, Issues, and Conclusions

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