Treatment of Epilepsy

Simon Shorvon MA MB BChir MD FRCPProfessor in Clinical Neurology and Clinical SubDean, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London and Consultant Neurologist, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UKEmilio Perucca MD PhD FRCP(Edin)Professor of Medical Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; and Director, Clinical Trial Center, C Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, ItalyJerome Engel Jr MD PhDDirector, Seizure Disorder Center, Jonathan Sinay Distinguished Professor, Neurology, Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

• List of ContributorsPreface to the Fourth EditionPreface to the First EditionHistorical Introduction: The Drug Treatment of Epilepsy from 1857 to 2015 Simon ShorvonSection I – Introduction (Lead editor: Simon Shorvon)1 Definition (Terminology) and Classification in Epilepsy: A Historical Survey and Current Formulation, with Special Reference to the ILAE 1Simon Shorvon2 Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy 24Mark Cook3 Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis 38Giuliano Avanzini and Silvana Franceschetti4 Antiepileptic Drug Discovery 52H. Steve White and Melissa Barker-Haliski5 Antiepileptic Drug Development 61Dieter Schmidt6 Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drug Action 75Matthew C. Walker and Rainer Surges7 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Tolerance 92Wolfgang Löscher and Dieter Schmidt8 Epilepsy Biomarkers 103Jerome Engel, Jr. and Asla PitkänenSection II – Principles of Medical Management (Lead editor: Simon Shorvon)9 General Principles of Medical Management 110Emilio Perucca10 Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Therapy 124Svein I. Johannessen, Cecilie Johannessen Landmark and Emilio Perucca11 Management of Chronic Active Epilepsy in Adults 139Simon Shorvon12 Management of Epilepsy in Remission 148Patrick Kwan, Howan Leung and Xiaoting Hao13 Management of Epilepsy in Neonates and Infants 156Elissa G. Yozawitz and Solomon L. Moshé14 Management of Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes 174Colin D. Ferrie15 Management of Epilepsy in People with Intellectual Disabilities 193Eylert Brodtkorb16 Management of Epilepsy in the Elderly 205Hiba Arif Haider and Lawrence J. Hirsch17 Emergency Treatment of Seizures and Status Epilepticus 221Matthew C. Walker and Simon Shorvon18 Management of Medical Comorbidity Associated with Epilepsy 245Gagandeep Singh19 Psychiatric Features of Epilepsy and their Management 259Brent Elliott and Simon Shorvon20 Prevention and Management of Side-effects of Antiepileptic Drugs 275Gaetano Zaccara and Piero Perucca21 Ketogenic Diets 288Eric H. Kossoff and Courtney A. Haney22 Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Epilepsy 298Sallie Baxendale23 Reproductive Aspects of Epilepsy Treatment 311Torbjörn Tomson24 Genetic Counselling in Epilepsy 323Federico Zara25 Drug Interactions 344Edoardo Spina and Domenico Italiano26 Medical Treatment of Epilepsy in Resource-Poor Countries 360Patrick AdjeiSection III – Antiepileptic Drugs (Lead editor: Emilio Perucca)27 Introduction to the Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs 365Emilio Perucca28 Acetazolamide 376Miri Y. Neufeld29 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Corticosteroids 388Federico Vigevano and Maria Roberta Cilio30 Benzodiazepines Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy 398Eugen Trinka and Francesco Brigo31 Brivaracetam 418Joseph D�Souza and Emilio Perucca32 Carbamazepine 431Torbjörn Tomson and Svein I. Johannessen33 Eslicarbazepine Acetate 447Meir Bialer and Christian Elger34 Ethosuximide 460Tracy A. Glauser and Emilio Perucca35 Felbamate 472Ilo E. Leppik and James R. White36 Gabapentin 479Ernest R. Somerville, Andrew W. Michell and Arjune Sen37 Lacosamide 489Rajesh Sachdeo and Roopal Karia38 Lamotrigine 498Awais Riaz and Fumisuke Matsuo39 Levetiracetam 516Derek J. Chong and Jacqueline A. French40 Oxcarbazepine 533Edward Faught and Hyunmi Kim41 Perampanel 546Martin Brodie42 Phenobarbital, Primidone and Other Barbiturates 555Roberto Michelucci and Elena Pasini43 Phenytoin 574Mervyn J. Eadie44 Piracetam 589Simon D. Shorvon45 Pregabalin 595Sylvain Rheims and Philippe Ryvlin46 Retigabine 606Michel Baulac47 Rufinamide 617Victor Biton48 Stiripentol 628Tapani Keränen49 Tiagabine 633Reetta Kälviäinen50 Topiramate 642J. Helen Cross and Catherine J. Riney51 Valproate 652Anthony G. Marson and Graeme J. Sills52 Vigabatrin 667Günter Krämer and Gabriele Ch. Wohlrab53 Zonisamide 680Michel Baulac54 Other Less Commonly Used Antiepileptic Drugs 689Martin Holtkamp55 Drugs in Clinical Development 701Norman Delanty and H. Steve WhiteSection IV – Presurgical Assessment and Epilepsy Surgery (Lead editor: Jerome Engel, Jr.)56 Overview of Surgical Treatment for Epilepsy 709Jerome Engel, Jr.57 Scalp EEG in the Epilepsy Surgery Evaluation 723Christine B. Baca and John M. Stern58 Invasive EEG in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 733Dennis Spencer, Dang K. Nguyen and Adithya Sivaraju59 MEG in Epilepsy Surgery Evaluation 756Hermann Stefan and Paul Boon60 MRI in Presurgical Evaluation 764Christian E. Elger and Bernd Weber61 PET and SPECT in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 775Karolien Goffin and Wim Van Paesschen62 Special Neurophysiological Techniques 787François Mauguière and Julien Jung63 Neuropsychological Testing in Presurgical Evaluation 804Marilyn Jones-Gotman and Gail L. Risse64 Presurgical Psychiatric Evaluation 817Andres M. Kanner65 Mesial Temporal Lobe Surgery and Other Lobar Resections 829James Leiphart and Itzhak Fried66 Resective Surgery of Neoplasms 842Nicholas M. Wetjen and Gregory D. Cascino67 Resective Surgery of Vascular and Infective Lesions for Epilepsy 858Christopher E. Uff and Neil D. Kitchen68 Surgery of Developmental Anomalies Causing Epilepsy 878Ahyuda Oh, Joshua J. Chern and Youssef G. Comair69 Hemispheric Operations for Epilepsy 887Georg Dorfmüller, Christine Bulteau and Olivier Delalande70 Corpus Callosum Operations 895David W. Roberts71 Hypothalamic Hamartoma 903John F. Kerrigan72 Multiple Subpial Transection 916Adriana Bermeo-Ovalle and Michael C. Smith73 Awake Surgery for Epilepsy 922Webster H. Pilcher74 Epilepsy Surgery in Children 931Jason S. Hauptman and Gary W. Mathern75 Complications of Epilepsy Surgery 941Charles E. Polkey76 Anaesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery 952Barbara M. Van de Wiele77 Vagus and Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation 959Steven C. Schachter78 Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy 967Gregory K. Bergey and Robert S. Fisher79 Non-Resective Approaches for Medically Intractable Epilepsy 980Thomas J. Gianaris, Andrea G. Scherer and Nicholas M. Barbaro80 Future Focal Treatment Approaches to Epilepsy 987Laura Mantoan Ritter and Hannah Cock81 Epilepsy Surgery in Countries with Limited Resources 999Andre Palmini and Kurupath RadhakrishnanIndex 1008