This book includes papers from the following challenges, held in conjunction with the 27th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2024, which took place in Marrakesh, Morocco, during October 6–10, 2024:1) Automated Identification of Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions (AIMS-TBI),2) Medical Image De-Identification Benchmark (MIDI-B), 3) Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS),4) the Brain TumorS (BraTS), and 5) Beyond BraTS 2024 cluster of challenges.The total of 56 papers included in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 70 submissions.