Transportation Planning Handbook

THE INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS (ITE) Founded in 1930, ITE is a community of nearly 13,000 transportation professionals including transportation engineers, transportation planners, consultants, educators, and researchers working in more than 90 countries. MICHAEL D. MEYER is a Senior Advisor for WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. For 30 years he was a professor of civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has published over 200 papers/books on transportation planning and is considered a leading authority on transportation systems. Dr. Meyer has advised numerous countries, states and regions on transportation planning issues.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiAbout the Editor xviiChapter 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning 1I. Introduction 1II. Organization of This Handbook.2III. The Transportation Planning Process 3IV. Changing Context for Transportation Planning 12V. Additional Sources of Information 14VI. Summary.15VII. References 16Chapter 2: Travel Characteristics and Data 17I. Introduction 17II. Transportation System Characteristics 17III. Urban Travel Characteristics 26IV. Estimating Travel Characteristics and Volumes 35V. Modal Studies61VI. Statistical Considerations 67VII. Summary.71VIII. References 71Chapter 3: Land Use and Urban Design 75I. Introduction 75II. What Drives Development and Resulting Urban Form? 76III. Urban Form 88IV. Urban Design 90V. Land-Use Forecasting and Transportation Planning 95VI. Scenario Analysis for Urban Form 103VII. Highway Facility-Related Strategies 104VIII. Summary 110IX. References 111Chapter 4: Environmental Considerations 117I. Introduction 117II. Environmental Considerations in Transportation Planning and Decision Making 117III. General Principles Regarding Environmental Content and Level of Detail 130IV. Land Use and Economic Development Impacts133V. Social and Community Impacts 139VI. Natural Resource Impacts 146VII. Construction Impacts 158VIII. Considering Mitigation Strategies during the Systems Planning Process 159IX. Summary 160X. References 160Chapter 5: Transportation Finance and Funding 165I. Introduction 165II. Key Concepts and Terms 166III. Sources of Transportation Funding 167IV. Transportation Finance Strategies 175V. Public/Private Partnerships 178VI. Investment Programming and Revenue Estimation 182VII. Environmental Justice Analysis 197VIII. Future Challenges 199IX. Summary 200X. References 200Chapter 6: Travel Demand and Network Modeling 205I. Introduction 205II. Modeling Travel Demand 205III. Demand Models and Tools 214IV. Summary 233V. References 233Chapter 7: Evaluation and Prioritization Methods 237I. Introduction 237II. Characteristics of the Evaluation Process 237III. Case Studies 266IV. Summary 275V. References 277Chapter 8: Asset Management 281I. Introduction 281II. What Is Transportation Asset Management? 282III. Recent U.S. History of Transportation Asset Management 284IV. Asset Management and Transportation Planning 291V. Asset Management Challenges and Opportunities 311VI. Summary 312VII. References 312Chapter 9: Road and Highway Planning 317I. Introduction 317II. Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems 318III. Context-Sensitive Solutions (CSS) 323IV. Traffic Calming.324V. Green Roads 328VI. Complete Streets 330VII. System Performance and Capacity Measures 333VIII. Condition Measures and Management Systems 338IX. State Highway Plans and City Thoroughfare Plans 342X. Road Investment Programs and Performance Monitoring 348XI. Summary 350XII. References 350Chapter 10: Transportation System Management and Operations 355I. Introduction 355II. Understanding Network and Facility Performance 357III. Planning and Organizing for TSM&O 361IV. Active Transportation and Demand Management 366V. Examples of Management and Operations (M&O) Strategies 368VI. Linking Transportation Planning and Planning for Operations 381VII. Dissemination of Operations Data 400VIII. The Connected Transportation System 400IX. Summary 405X. References 406Chapter 11: Planning For Parking 411I. Introduction 411II. Parking Management Organizations 412III. Zoning Requirements 413IV. Strategies and Decisions for Parking Supply Options 419V. Parking Management 428VI. Parking Demand and Needs Analysis 435VII. Common Land Uses 450VIII. Shared Parking Methodology 465IX. Parking Costs 468X. Financing Parking Facilities 477XI. Summary 480XII. References 481Chapter 12: Transit Planning 485I. Introduction 485II. Ownership and Governance 486III. Contemporary Transit in North America 488IV. Classification of Transit Modes and Their Components 491V. Transit Cost Structures 517VI. System Performance and Quality of Service 519VII. Transit Planning Procedures 526VIII. Planning for Passenger Stations 534IX. Station Design 543X. Lines and Networks 563XI. Transit Route Planning 569XII. Future Transit Issues 573XIII. Summary 576XIV. References 576Chapter 13: Planning For Pedestrians and Bicyclists 581I. Introduction 581II. Goals and Benchmarks for Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning 582III. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety 583IV. Evolution of Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning in the United States 585V. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning 591VI. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Planning/Design Issues 616VII. Pedestrian and Bicycle Transportation in Asia and Europe 632VIII. Summary 634IX. References 634Chapter 14: Travel Demand Management 641I. Introduction 641II. TDM Goals, Objectives, and Performance Measures 644III. TDM Strategies 646IV. Potential Impacts of TDM Strategies 667V. Data, Model Use, and Results 668VI. Summary 672VII. References 677Chapter 15: Statewide Transportation Planning.681I. Introduction 681II. The Role of the Federal Government 682III. Statewide Transportation Planning 685IV. Statewide Modal Plans723V. Summary—Continuing State Planning Challenges 725VI. References 727Chapter 16: Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729I. Introduction 729II. Legislative Context for U.S. Metropolitan Transportation Planning 729III. Institutional Structure for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 735IV. The Transportation Planning Process 739V. Monitoring System and Program Performance 762VI. Public Engagement 762VII. Special Topics for Metropolitan Transportation Planning 768VIII. Summary 774IX. References 775Chapter 17: Corridor Planning 783I. Introduction 783II. Nature of Corridor Transportation Planning 783III. Corridor Selection 796IV. Corridor Planning Approach 798V. Corridor Management Plans 832VI. Summary 836VII. References 837Chapter 18: Local and Activity Center Planning 841I. Introduction 841II. Local Transportation Planning 842III. Activity Centers 863IV. Implementation of Transportation Plans 886V. Summary 887VI. References 887Chapter 19: Site Planning and Impact Analysis 891I. Introduction 891II. Administrative Requirements 893III. Definition of Key Terms 896IV. Site Plan Review Data 897V. Transportation Access and Impact Analysis 899VI. Analysis Procedures 915VII. On-Site Transportation Elements 931VIII. Implementation Actions/Strategies 936IX. Report Organization 938X. Summary 939XI. References 941Chapter 20: Rural Community and Tribal Nation Planning 945I. Introduction 945II. Rural Transportation Planning 946III. Tribal Nations 959IV. Summary 971V. References 972Chapter 21: Recreational Areas 975I. Introduction 975II. Characteristics of Recreational Travel975III. Characteristics of Transportation Systems Serving Recreational Areas 977IV. Transportation-Related Characteristics of Visitors to Recreational Areas 983V. Transportation Planning for Recreational Areas 984VI. Need for Information and Communication 1008VII. Summary 1009VIII. References.1010Chapter 22: Integrating Freight Into The Transportation Planning Process 1013I. Introduction 1013II. Overview of Domestic Freight Flows 1013III. Impact of Freight Flows on the Community, Freight Sector, and Transportation System 1017IV. Freight Planning 1027V. Freight Terminals 1059VI. Summary 1063VII. References 1065Chapter 23: Planning It Safe—Safety Considerations In The Transportation Planning Process 1069I. Introduction 1069II. U.S. National Statistics 1070III. Institutional and Policy Structure in the United States 1073IV. Laying the Groundwork for Transportation Safety Planning 1079V. Incorporating Safety into Transportation Planning 1080VI. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) 1104VII. Relationship between Transportation Safety Planning and Strategic Highway Safety Planning 1105VIII. Lessons from the International Community 1105IX. Summary 1107X. References 1108Chapter 24: Public Participation and Engagement 1111I. Introduction 1111II. What Is the Public Participation Process? 1111III. Know Your Public and Stakeholders 1116IV. Public Participation Plan 1120V. Public Participation Methods and Approaches 1123VI. Evolving Role of Technology and Social Media 1130VII. Public Participation and Project Development 1133VIII. How to Measure Effectiveness 1134IX. Words of Wisdom 1139X. Summary 1141XI. References 1142Index 1157

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