About our authors Christie John Geankoplis was a professor of chemical engineering and materials science at the University of Minnesota. His research interests involved transport processes, biochemical reactor engineering, mass transfer in liquid solutions, and diffusion and/or reaction in porous solids.Allen Hersel is an associate professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Trine University in Angola, Indiana, where he teaches transport phenomena and separations for the last 19 years. He also served as the dean of the engineering school. His area of research is bio-separations and engineering education. Before entering academia, he worked for Koch Industries and Kellogg Brown & Root. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Yale University.Daniel H. Lepek is a professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering at The Cooper Union. His research interests include particle technology, fluidization and multi-phase flow, pharmaceutical engineering, modeling of transport and bio-transport phenomena, and engineering education. He is an active member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Chemical Engineering from The Cooper Union and received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).

• Part 1: Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units Chapter ObjectivesClassification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations)SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other SystemsMethods of Expressing Temperatures and CompositionsGas Laws and Vapor PressureConservation of Mass and Material BalancesEnergy and Heat UnitsConservation of Energy and Heat BalancesNumerical Methods for IntegrationChapter SummaryIntroduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionFluid StaticsChapter SummaryFluid Properties and Fluid Flows Chapter ObjectivesViscosity of FluidsTypes of Fluid Flow and Reynolds NumberChapter SummaryOverall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances Chapter ObjectivesOverall Mass Balance and Continuity EquationOverall Energy BalanceOverall Momentum BalanceShell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar FlowChapter SummaryIncompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes Chapter ObjectivesDesign Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in PipesCompressible Flow of GasesMeasuring the Flow of FluidsChapter SummaryFlows in Packed and Fluidized Beds Chapter ObjectivesFlow Past Immersed ObjectsFlow in Packed BedsFlow in Fluidized BedsChapter SummaryPumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment Chapter ObjectivesPumps and Gas-Moving EquipmentAgitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power RequirementsChapter SummaryDifferential Equations of Fluid Flow Chapter ObjectivesDifferential Equations of ContinuityDifferential Equations of Momentum Transfer or MotionUse of Differential Equations of Continuity and MotionChapter SummaryNon-Newtonian Fluids Chapter ObjectivesNon-Newtonian FluidsFriction Losses for Non-Newtonian FluidsVelocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian FluidsDetermination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational ViscometerPower Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian FluidsChapter SummaryPotential Flow and Creeping Flow Chapter ObjectivesOther Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of MotionStream FunctionDifferential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow)Potential Flow and Velocity PotentialDifferential Equations of Motion for Creeping FlowChapter SummaryBoundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow Chapter ObjectivesBoundary-Layer FlowTurbulent FlowTurbulent Boundary-Layer AnalysisChapter SummaryIntroduction to Heat Transfer Chapter ObjectivesEnergy and Heat UnitsConservation of Energy and Heat BalancesConduction and Thermal ConductivityConvectionRadiationHeat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/MaterialsChapter SummarySteady-State Conduction Chapter ObjectivesConduction Heat TransferConduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with ConvectionConduction with Internal Heat GenerationSteady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape FactorsNumerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two DimensionsChapter SummaryPrinciples of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Chapter ObjectivesDerivation of the Basic EquationSimplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal ResistanceUnsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various GeometriesNumerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State ConductionChilling and Freezing of Food and Biological MaterialsDifferential Equation of Energy ChangeChapter SummaryIntroduction to Convection Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat TransferBoundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat TransferForced Convection Heat Transfer Inside PipesHeat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced ConvectionNatural Convection Heat TransferBoiling and CondensationHeat Transfer of Non-Newtonian FluidsSpecial Heat-Transfer CoefficientsChapter SummaryHeat Exchangers Chapter ObjectivesTypes of ExchangersLog-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction FactorsHeat-Exchanger EffectivenessFouling Factors and Typical Overall U ValuesDouble-Pipe Heat ExchangerChapter SummaryHeat Exchangers Chapter ObjectivesTypes of ExchangersLog-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction FactorsHeat-Exchanger EffectivenessFouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values Double-Pipe Heat ExchangerChapter SummaryIntroduction to Radiation Heat Transfer Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer ConceptsBasic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer PrinciplesChapter SummaryIntroduction to Mass Transfer Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to Mass Transfer and DiffusionDiffusion CoefficientConvective Mass TransferMolecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical ReactionChapter SummarySteady-State Mass Transfer Chapter ObjectivesMolecular Diffusion in GasesMolecular Diffusion in LiquidsMolecular Diffusion in SolidsDiffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and CapillariesDiffusion in Biological GelsSpecial Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady StateNumerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two DimensionsChapter SummaryUnsteady-State Mass Transfer Chapter ObjectivesUnsteady-State DiffusionUnsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite MediumNumerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular DiffusionChapter SummaryConvective Mass Transfer Chapter ObjectivesConvective Mass TransferDimensional Analysis in Mass TransferMass-Transfer Coefficients for Various GeometriesMass Transfer to Suspensions of Small ParticlesModels for Mass-Transfer CoefficientsChapter SummaryPart 2: Separation Process Principles Absorption and Stripping Chapter ObjectivesEquilibrium and Mass Transfer Between PhasesIntroduction to AbsorptionPressure Drop and Flooding in Packed TowersDesign of Plate Absorption TowersDesign of Packed Towers for AbsorptionEfficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed TowersAbsorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed TowersEstimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed TowersHeat Effects and Temperature Variations in AbsorptionChapter SummaryHumidification Processes Chapter Objectives Vapor Pressure of Water and HumidityIntroduction and Types of Equipment for HumidificationTheory and Calculations for Cooling-Water TowersChapter SummaryFiltration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid–Liquid or Solid–Liquid Phase) Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to Dead-End FiltrationBasic Theory of FiltrationMembrane SeparationsMicrofiltration Membrane ProcessesUltrafiltration Membrane ProcessesReverse-Osmosis Membrane ProcessesDialysisChapter SummaryGaseous Membrane Systems Chapter ObjectivesGas PermeationComplete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by MembranesComplete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent MixturesCross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by MembranesDerivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by MembranesDerivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric MembranesChapter SummaryDistillation Chapter ObjectivesEquilibrium Relations Between PhasesSingle and Multiple Equilibrium Contact StagesSimple Distillation MethodsBinary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe–Thiele and Lewis MethodsTray EfficienciesFlooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser DutiesFractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy–Concentration MethodDistillation of Multicomponent MixturesChapter SummaryLiquid–Liquid Extraction Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to Liquid–Liquid ExtractionSingle-Stage Equilibrium ExtractionTypes of Equipment and Design for Liquid–Liquid ExtractionContinuous Multistage Countercurrent ExtractionChapter SummaryAdsorption and Ion Exchange Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to Adsorption ProcessesBatch AdsorptionDesign of Fixed-Bed Adsorption ColumnsIon-Exchange ProcessesChapter SummaryCrystallization and Particle Size Reduction Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction to CrystallizationCrystallization TheoryMechanical Size ReductionChapter SummarySettling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation Chapter ObjectivesSettling and Sedimentation in Particle–Fluid SeparationCentrifugal Separation ProcessesChapter SummaryLeaching Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction and Equipment for Liquid–Solid LeachingEquilibrium Relations and Single-Stage LeachingCountercurrent Multistage LeachingChapter SummaryEvaporation Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionTypes of Evaporation Equipment and Operation MethodsOverall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in EvaporatorsCalculation Methods for Single-Effect EvaporatorsCalculation Methods for Multiple-Effect EvaporatorsCondensers for EvaporatorsEvaporation of Biological MaterialsEvaporation Using Vapor RecompressionChapter SummaryDrying Chapter ObjectivesIntroduction and Methods of DryingEquipment for DryingVapor Pressure of Water and HumidityEquilibrium Moisture Content of MaterialsRate-of-Drying CurvesCalculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying PeriodCalculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying PeriodCombined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate PeriodDrying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary FlowEquations for Various Types of DryersFreeze-Drying of Biological MaterialsUnsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological MaterialsChapter SummaryPart 3: Appendixes Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion FactorsAppendix A.2 Physical Properties of WaterAppendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic CompoundsAppendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological MaterialsAppendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and ScreensAppendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data NotationIndex