Transistor Applications from RF to Microwave Frequencies

Ulrich L. Rohde, Dr. Ing. Habil, IEEE Life Fellow and Eta Kappa Nu (HKN), Partner of Rohde & Schwartz, Germany, as well as Chairman of Synergy Microwave Corporation, USA. He holds positions as Professor of Radio-Microwave Frequency Theory and Techniques at multiple universities worldwide, including Chair Professor at IIT-Delhi, India, IIT-Jammu, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg University of Technology, Germany, and German Armed Forces University Munich, Technical Informatics, Microwave Systems. He is serving as an Editor of several scientific journals.Ajay K. Poddar, Dr. Ing. Habil, IEEE Fellow, and Eta Kappa Nu (HKN) member, is Chief Scientist at Synergy Microwave, NJ, USA, focusing on low phase noise signal sources including metamaterial applications. Dr. Poddar is a Visting Professor and Global Chair of several scientific and IEEE MTT and AP socities, serving as an Editor of several scientific journals.Matthias Rudolph, Dr. Ing., is the Ulrich L. Rohde Professor of RF and Microwave Techniques at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany, and head of the Low-noise Components Lab of the Ferdinand-Braun-Institut GmbH, Leibniz-Institut f r H chstfrequenztechnik, Berlin, Germany. He is a member of the IEEE MTT-S Technical committees 2 (EDA) and 14 (low-noise techniques) and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Trans. MTT-S.

• Foreword by Rüdiger Quay xvForeword by Peter Russer xviiForeword by Tomás Palacios xxviiThe Authors xxixIntroduction 11 Microwave Frequencies, Conventional Passive Elements, and Resonators 111.1 Introduction 111.2 Transition from Radio Frequency to Microwave Circuits 111.3 RF Versus Microwave Modeling 151.4 Application of Passive Devices in Filters 181.5 Richards Transformation 191.6 Kuroda's Identities 211.7 10.2 GHz Test Circuit 221.8 Validation 261.9 More EM Simulation 291.10 Transmission Line Test 311.11 Branch Line and the Rat-race Coupler 321.12 Wilkinson Coupler 431.13 Microstrip Resonators 441.13.1 Element Library 441.14 Integrated Resonators 451.15 Ceramic Resonators 501.16 Conclusion 542 The History, Evolution, and Current Status of Microwave Transistors 552.1 Introduction 552.2 Microwave Transistor FOMs 552.3 How to Design a Good Microwave Transistor? 582.4 The Evolution of Microwave Transistors 592.5 Summary and Outlook 673 System Specifications 753.1 System Specifications and Their Relationship to Circuit Design 753.2 Signal-to-noise Ratio and Sensitivity 763.3 Bit Error Rate and Noise 773.4 Noise Factor and Noise Figure 783.5 System Amplitude and Phase Behavior 793.6 Spectral Considerations of Analog and Digitally Modulated Signals 813.7 Amplitude Linearity Issues and Figures of Merit 833.8 Gain Compression 833.9 Intermodulation 843.10 Dynamic Range 873.11 Triple-beat Distortion and Cross-modulation 873.12 Noise Power Ratio 873.13 Large-signal Effects 893.14 AM-to-PM Conversion 903.15 Spectral Regrowth and Adjacent-channel Power Ratio 903.16 Phase Response Issues and Figures of Merit 923.17 Differential Group Delay 933.18 Effects of Phase Noise 933.19 Reciprocal Mixing 953.20 Phase Errors 983.21 Error Vector Magnitude 994 The Tools and Technology Explained 1034.1 Transistor Classification 1044.2 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 1144.3 Field-effect Transistor Basics 1324.4 An Improved EM Simulation Procedure to Extract Extrinsic Elements of Terahertz InP DHBTs 1524.5 Conclusion to the Semiconductor Introduction 1554.6 Example: GaAs MESFET Foundry Design Manual 1564.7 Introduction of the Harmonic Balance Method and Nonlinear Noise Calculation 1594.8 Regular Analysis with the Harmonic Balance Program 1624.9 Coupled-line Resonator Oscillator (EM Simulation) 1714.10 Generating Large-signal S-parameters 1734.11 Nonlinear Noise Analysis—An Overview 1745 Q-Enhanced Passive Microwave Resonators 1835.1 Introduction 1835.2 Linear Passive 1-Port 1835.3 Resonator Networks 1845.4 Resonator Q-factor 1875.5 Resonator Design Criteria for Low Phase Noise Oscillator Applications 1995.6 Printed Coupled Slow-wave Resonator 2105.7 Slow-wave Resonator 2135.8 Printed Coupled Möbius Resonator Oscillators 2255.9 Printed Coupled Metamaterial Resonator 2305.10 Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, Energy Density 2385.11 Realization of Negative Refractive Index Material (NRIM) Components 2405.12 Metamaterial (NRIM) Model 2416 Q-Enhanced Planar Resonators for Low Phase-noise Oscillators 2836.1 Active Resonator 2836.2 AR Topology 2856.3 Example Printed Resonator Oscillators 2936.4 Printed Coupled Slow-wave Resonator Oscillators 3046.5 Oscillator Architectures Enabling Tunability and Phase-noise Optimization 3086.6 SIW Resonator Oscillators 3246.7 Tunable Möbius Coupled Printed Resonator Oscillators 3366.8 Millimeter Wave EBGR (Electromagnetic Band Gap Resonator) Oscillator 3466.9 Terahertz Metamaterial Resonator Oscillator 3487 MEMS Switches with Metamaterial Contacts: Applications in Switched Band Oscillators 3557.1 A MEMS Switch with Metamaterial Contacts: Theory, Concepts, and Technology 3557.2 Casimir Force: MEMS Switch Design Leveraging the Casimir Effect 3747.3 Casimir Force-inspired MEMS Switch 3877.4 Metamaterial-inspired Tunable Switch-band Oscillator 3978 Amplifier Design with BJTs and FETs up to the Sub THz Range 4038.1 Properties of Amplifiers 4038.2 Single-stage Feedback Amplifiers 4378.3 Example: 6... 18 GHz Single Ended Amplifier Using a Foundry FET 4398.4 Example: Single-stage Amplifier with Voltage and Current Feedback 4418.5 Example: Numerical Example of a Dual Feedback Amplifier Using a BFP840 Transistor 4458.6 Multi-stage Amplifier 4478.7 Example: Monolithic Selective Amplifier 4498.8 25 GHz C-SiGe Transistor Amplifier with Gain Peaking 4518.9 Example: 2N4417 Cascode Amplifier 4518.10 Single Stage Amplifier with CFY99A GaAs FET 4518.11 Example: Optimization of a Single-stage Amplifier Based on the SPICE Parameters of BFP620 4568.12 Example: 7 GHz Amplifier, Lumped Design 4568.13 Example: 430 MHz JFET 2N4417 Preamplifier 4568.14 Example: Design and Analysis of Microwave Feedback Amplifiers 4568.15 Example of an 80–100 GHz Amplifier 4628.16 8–18 GHz Optimized Amplifier Using an FET 4648.17 Example: Design of a 4 GHz MOS Based Cascode Amplifiers 4668.18 Example of a 2-stage 6–12 GHz Amplifier 4668.19 Simulation of a 3 Stage Distributed FET Amplifier 4678.20 Example: Two Tone Test of a FET Amplifier at 5 GHz 4718.21 Power Amplifiers 4718.22 CMOS Low-noise Amplifiers 5228.23 Power Amplifiers—Theory 5369 Mixer Design 5499.1 Introduction 5499.2 Simulation Examples of Different Types of Downconverters 5509.3 Additive or Multiplicative Mixing 5519.4 Basic Mixer Theory 5549.5 Properties of Mixers 5579.6 Diode Mixers 5649.7 Phase Detector 5809.8 Triple-balanced Mixer 5859.9 Rohde & Schwarz Subharmonically Pumped DBM 5869.10 DBM Using GaAs FETS Connected as Diodes for Higher-frequency Operation 5889.11 Analysis of a Balanced Microwave Mixer 5889.12 Transistor Mixers 5949.13 The Differential Configuration—Differential LO Frequency Mixer 5959.14 Mixer Gain 5979.15 Single-balanced Gilbert Cell Mixer 5999.16 Calculation of Single-balanced Mixer Gain 5999.17 Noise Mixing in Single-balanced Mixer 6049.18 Total Mixer Output Noise (BJT) 6099.19 BJT Gilbert Cell 6119.20 Gain and Noise Simulation of a Double-balanced Gilbert Cell Differential Mixer (Gilbert Cell) 6139.21 BJT Gilbert Cell with Feedback 6219.22 J-FETs/GaAs FET Mixers 6239.23 The N-JFET Circuit Modified to Work with an LDMOS FET 6259.24 Dual-gate MOS/GaAs Mixers 6259.25 MOSFET Gilbert Cell 6289.26 Single-balanced Mixer Noise 6329.27 Differential CMOS Mixer—A More Detailed Analysis 6339.28 The Four Noise Mechanisms 6349.29 A Practical Example of a Simulated Differential MOS Mixer 6379.30 GaAsFET Single-gate Switch: Resistive Mixer 6399.31 Simplified Switching FET Mixer 6409.32 Noise in Resistive Mixers 6429.33 Notes from TriQuint Semiconductor's GaAs Design Class 64810 VHF-to-EHF Oscillators 65710.1 Introduction 65710.2 Background 65810.3 Oscillator Design 65910.4 Linear Approach 66710.5 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 66910.6 Prediction of Phase Noise 67110.7 Time domain-based Analysis to Describe the Transistor Nonlinearities 68410.8 Push–Pull Oscillator 71110.9 Design Parameters 71410.10 Phase Noise 71810.11 Push–Push Configuration 72110.12 Two-port Microwave/RF Oscillator Design 73210.13 Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 73610.14 10 GHz YIG Oscillator 73710.15 Ceramic Resonator Oscillators 74010.16 GaAs FET-based Oscillator 74710.17 Tuning Diode-based AM-to-PM Conversion 75010.18 More Practical Circuits 76010.19 Silicon/GaAs-based Integrated VCOs and Possible Difficulties 76710.20 Time-domain Simulation 76810.21 Phase Noise Improvements of Integrated RF and Millimeter-wave Oscillators 77010.22 Reverse Engineering 77410.23 Conclusion 790References 790Further Reading 792Appendix-A: AM and FM Noise in Oscillators 793Appendix-B: Modeling of a Two-stage Amplifier Operating from 2 to 20 GHz 809Appendix-C: Testing True Performance of ADCs Using R&S SMA100B Signal Generator 827Appendix-D: State-of-the-art Cryogenic Low-noise Amplifier 861Appendix-E: Fundamentals of Terahertz: Technology for 6G 893Appendix-F: Noise Figure Test Under Pulsed Conditions and Compression, Utilizing a VectorNetwork Analyzer 935Index 953

"Supported by accurate SPICE-based nonlinear CAD methods and 3D-EM verification that allow developers to fully trust novel designs prior to fabrication, this extensive monograph is far more than a textbook. It is the definitive reference manual for RF engineers, hardware designers, researchers, and advanced students, making it an indispensable resource for anyone developing the next generation of hetero-integrated, high-frequency systems."—Prof. Klaus Buchenrieder, Ph.D. (OSU), Department of Computer Science, Professor for Embedded Systems, University of the Bundeswehr Munich