Rogers Brubaker is professor of sociology and UCLA Foundation Chair at the University of California, Los Angeles. His recent books include Ethnicity without Groups, Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town, and Grounds for Difference.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Part One: The Trans Moment 1 Transgender, Transracial? 15 "Transgender" and "Transracial" before the Dolezal Affair 17 The Field of Argument 21 "If Jenner, Then Dolezal": The Argument from Similarity 22 Boundary Work: The Argument from Difference 31 2 Categories in Flux 40 Unsettled Identities 41 The Empire of Choice 50 The Policing of Identity Claims 56 The New Objectivism 64 Part Two: Thinking with Trans 3 The Trans of Migration 71 Unidirectional Transgender Trajectories 74 Reconsidering "Transracial" 80 Transracial Trajectories, Past and Present 82 4 The Trans of Between 92 Transgender Betweenness: Oscillation, Recombination, Gradation 94 Racial and Gender Betweenness 101 Recombinatory Racial Betweenness: Classification and Identification 104 Performing Betweenness 108 5 The Trans of Beyond 113 Beyond Gender? 114 Beyond Race? 122 Conclusion 131 Notes 153 Bibliography 183 Index 229

"Pacy and stimulating... The nub of Trans's argument is that we are culturally primed to be more receptive to transgender journeys, whether male to female or vice versa, because these are framed as identity or even civil rights issues, whereas racial identities are still categorical."--Marina Benjamin, New Statesman "The value in Brubaker's book is not in readjudicating old internet battles, but in laying out current conflicts of identity in a public, accessible way; academics have been thinking and talking about the fluidity and fixedness of gender and race for a long time, but their thinking hasn't always been part of mainstream conversations. Especially with the growing number of legislative, judicial, and cultural challenges to the role of gender in American society, sometimes, it can just be useful to lay out the terms of debate."--Emma Green, The Atlantic "Lucid, sophisticated, and judicious, Trans is an important and timely exploration of the increasingly uncertain and unsettled boundaries of identity."--Glenn Altschuler, Florida Courier "While the ?rst part of Trans compares Dolezal and Jenner, the second leverages the concept of transgender to examine transracial differences. Ultimately, Brubaker would like us to recognize transracial identities in the same way we accept transgender ones. In his analysis, transracial identities generate uneasy resonances with not only the dark histories of racial passing, but also the contemporary realities of racial oppression. Still, he prods us to reflect on the new kinds of racial identities being created through interracial relations, multiracial movements and generational change. While the mainstream recognizes transgender, it remains wary of transracial. The controversy over trans identities is far from settled."--Macleans "Brubaker maintains that we are living in 'an age of unsettled identities.' Of that, he convinces me. This book is necessary reading for anyone interested in the categories of identity and how they are being invoked or subverted."--Leonard Curry, Christian Century "This short book packs a wallop. In our era of academic hyper-specialization, where there is an ever-present temptation to bore deeper into a subject, and where identity politics can amplify that tendency by discouraging people from writing about groups they cannot claim to be members of, this comparative analysis of race and gender by a white cisgender man offers up a much-needed, fresh perspective."--Arlene Stein, Public Books "[A] clear-eyed, eye-opening book to see ways in which transracialism may and may not be considered as legitimate as transgenderism in the modern push for fluidity of identity categories."--A. Loudermilk, PopMatters "Brubaker ... one of our finest analysts of the politics of difference, provides a clear and concise guide for the perplexed. He carefully lays out a taxonomy of both older and emerging classifications of 'trans,' ordering both the many meanings of transgender and the less well known and more contested ideas about transracial... What is clear from this excellent book is that the cultural logic of autonomy/choice that is working itself out in our age of unsettled identities is not of itself self-limiting. Wherever it takes us as a society, it seems, we will be forced to go."--Joseph E. Davis, Society

Rogers Brubaker is professor of sociology and UCLA Foundation Chair at the University of California, Los Angeles. His recent books include Ethnicity without Groups, Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town, and Grounds for Difference.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Part One: The Trans Moment 1 Transgender, Transracial? 15 "Transgender" and "Transracial" before the Dolezal Affair 17 The Field of Argument 21 "If Jenner, Then Dolezal": The Argument from Similarity 22 Boundary Work: The Argument from Difference 31 2 Categories in Flux 40 Unsettled Identities 41 The Empire of Choice 50 The Policing of Identity Claims 56 The New Objectivism 64 Part Two: Thinking with Trans 3 The Trans of Migration 71 Unidirectional Transgender Trajectories 74 Reconsidering "Transracial" 80 Transracial Trajectories, Past and Present 82 4 The Trans of Between 92 Transgender Betweenness: Oscillation, Recombination, Gradation 94 Racial and Gender Betweenness 101 Recombinatory Racial Betweenness: Classification and Identification 104 Performing Betweenness 108 5 The Trans of Beyond 113 Beyond Gender? 114 Beyond Race? 122 Conclusion 131 Notes 153 Bibliography 183 Index 229

"Pacy and stimulating... The nub of Trans's argument is that we are culturally primed to be more receptive to transgender journeys, whether male to female or vice versa, because these are framed as identity or even civil rights issues, whereas racial identities are still categorical."--Marina Benjamin, New Statesman "The value in Brubaker's book is not in readjudicating old internet battles, but in laying out current conflicts of identity in a public, accessible way; academics have been thinking and talking about the fluidity and fixedness of gender and race for a long time, but their thinking hasn't always been part of mainstream conversations. Especially with the growing number of legislative, judicial, and cultural challenges to the role of gender in American society, sometimes, it can just be useful to lay out the terms of debate."--Emma Green, The Atlantic "Lucid, sophisticated, and judicious, Trans is an important and timely exploration of the increasingly uncertain and unsettled boundaries of identity."--Glenn Altschuler, Florida Courier "While the ?rst part of Trans compares Dolezal and Jenner, the second leverages the concept of transgender to examine transracial differences. Ultimately, Brubaker would like us to recognize transracial identities in the same way we accept transgender ones. In his analysis, transracial identities generate uneasy resonances with not only the dark histories of racial passing, but also the contemporary realities of racial oppression. Still, he prods us to reflect on the new kinds of racial identities being created through interracial relations, multiracial movements and generational change. While the mainstream recognizes transgender, it remains wary of transracial. The controversy over trans identities is far from settled."--Macleans "Brubaker maintains that we are living in 'an age of unsettled identities.' Of that, he convinces me. This book is necessary reading for anyone interested in the categories of identity and how they are being invoked or subverted."--Leonard Curry, Christian Century "This short book packs a wallop. In our era of academic hyper-specialization, where there is an ever-present temptation to bore deeper into a subject, and where identity politics can amplify that tendency by discouraging people from writing about groups they cannot claim to be members of, this comparative analysis of race and gender by a white cisgender man offers up a much-needed, fresh perspective."--Arlene Stein, Public Books "[A] clear-eyed, eye-opening book to see ways in which transracialism may and may not be considered as legitimate as transgenderism in the modern push for fluidity of identity categories."--A. Loudermilk, PopMatters "Brubaker ... one of our finest analysts of the politics of difference, provides a clear and concise guide for the perplexed. He carefully lays out a taxonomy of both older and emerging classifications of 'trans,' ordering both the many meanings of transgender and the less well known and more contested ideas about transracial... What is clear from this excellent book is that the cultural logic of autonomy/choice that is working itself out in our age of unsettled identities is not of itself self-limiting. Wherever it takes us as a society, it seems, we will be forced to go."--Joseph E. Davis, Society

Rogers Brubaker is professor of sociology and UCLA Foundation Chair at the University of California, Los Angeles. His recent books include Ethnicity without Groups, Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town, and Grounds for Difference.

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Part One: The Trans Moment 1 Transgender, Transracial? 15 "Transgender" and "Transracial" before the Dolezal Affair 17 The Field of Argument 21 "If Jenner, Then Dolezal": The Argument from Similarity 22 Boundary Work: The Argument from Difference 31 2 Categories in Flux 40 Unsettled Identities 41 The Empire of Choice 50 The Policing of Identity Claims 56 The New Objectivism 64 Part Two: Thinking with Trans 3 The Trans of Migration 71 Unidirectional Transgender Trajectories 74 Reconsidering "Transracial" 80 Transracial Trajectories, Past and Present 82 4 The Trans of Between 92 Transgender Betweenness: Oscillation, Recombination, Gradation 94 Racial and Gender Betweenness 101 Recombinatory Racial Betweenness: Classification and Identification 104 Performing Betweenness 108 5 The Trans of Beyond 113 Beyond Gender? 114 Beyond Race? 122 Conclusion 131 Notes 153 Bibliography 183 Index 229

"Pacy and stimulating... The nub of Trans's argument is that we are culturally primed to be more receptive to transgender journeys, whether male to female or vice versa, because these are framed as identity or even civil rights issues, whereas racial identities are still categorical."--Marina Benjamin, New Statesman "The value in Brubaker's book is not in readjudicating old internet battles, but in laying out current conflicts of identity in a public, accessible way; academics have been thinking and talking about the fluidity and fixedness of gender and race for a long time, but their thinking hasn't always been part of mainstream conversations. Especially with the growing number of legislative, judicial, and cultural challenges to the role of gender in American society, sometimes, it can just be useful to lay out the terms of debate."--Emma Green, The Atlantic "Lucid, sophisticated, and judicious, Trans is an important and timely exploration of the increasingly uncertain and unsettled boundaries of identity."--Glenn Altschuler, Florida Courier "While the ?rst part of Trans compares Dolezal and Jenner, the second leverages the concept of transgender to examine transracial differences. Ultimately, Brubaker would like us to recognize transracial identities in the same way we accept transgender ones. In his analysis, transracial identities generate uneasy resonances with not only the dark histories of racial passing, but also the contemporary realities of racial oppression. Still, he prods us to reflect on the new kinds of racial identities being created through interracial relations, multiracial movements and generational change. While the mainstream recognizes transgender, it remains wary of transracial. The controversy over trans identities is far from settled."--Macleans "Brubaker maintains that we are living in 'an age of unsettled identities.' Of that, he convinces me. This book is necessary reading for anyone interested in the categories of identity and how they are being invoked or subverted."--Leonard Curry, Christian Century "This short book packs a wallop. In our era of academic hyper-specialization, where there is an ever-present temptation to bore deeper into a subject, and where identity politics can amplify that tendency by discouraging people from writing about groups they cannot claim to be members of, this comparative analysis of race and gender by a white cisgender man offers up a much-needed, fresh perspective."--Arlene Stein, Public Books "[A] clear-eyed, eye-opening book to see ways in which transracialism may and may not be considered as legitimate as transgenderism in the modern push for fluidity of identity categories."--A. Loudermilk, PopMatters "Brubaker ... one of our finest analysts of the politics of difference, provides a clear and concise guide for the perplexed. He carefully lays out a taxonomy of both older and emerging classifications of 'trans,' ordering both the many meanings of transgender and the less well known and more contested ideas about transracial... What is clear from this excellent book is that the cultural logic of autonomy/choice that is working itself out in our age of unsettled identities is not of itself self-limiting. Wherever it takes us as a society, it seems, we will be forced to go."--Joseph E. Davis, Society