This is a daring analysis of the attempt of the Second Vatican Council to bring forth a true way of being Christian in the modern world. McCarthy (emer., philosophy, Vassar College) has studied modernity and the Catholic Church’s responses to it. The book analyzes the Catholic Church’s own self-understanding and then applies this to the situation of the world today, speculating on what ways a Christian can adapt to the “signs of the times” while still being faithful to the true identity of the Catholic Church, what the subtitle refers to as “critical belonging.” McCarthy has studied this subject deeply for his entire career, and this seems his final analysis of the situation. That being so, it will likely prove most useful to scholars, researchers, and philosophers interested in the situation of the postmodern West. Those interested in a comprehensive primer on the subject of living authentically in the postmodern West might begin with Charles Taylor’s The Ethics of Authenticity (1992). A more explicitly Christian-centered interpretation that asks similar questions is Julián Carrón Peréz’s Disarming Beauty (2017).Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students, researchers, faculty, professionals.