Bjarne Stroustrup (www.stroustrup.com) is the designer and original implementer of C++, as well as the author of Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ (Addison-Wesley, 2009), The C++ Programming Language (Addison-Wesley, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2013), and many popular and academic publications. Dr. Stroustrup is a University Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the holder of the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, an IEEE Fellow, and an ACM fellow. His research interests include distributed systems, design, programming techniques, software development tools, and programming languages. He is actively involved in the ISO standardization of C++.

• Preface ix  Chapter 1: The Basics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Programs 11.3 Hello, World! 21.4 Functions 31.5 Types, Variables, and Arithmetic 51.6 Scope 81.7 Constants 81.8 Pointers, Arrays, and References 91.9 Tests 121.10 Advice 14  Chapter 2: User-Defined Types 152.1 Introduction 152.2 Structures 162.3 Classes 172.4 Unions 192.5 Enumerations 202.6 Advice 21  Chapter 3: Modularity 233.1 Introduction 233.2 Separate Compilation 243.3 Namespaces 263.4 Error Handling 273.5 Advice 31  Chapter 4: Classes 334.1 Introduction 334.2 Concrete Types 344.3 Abstract Types 394.4 Virtual Functions 424.5 Class Hierarchies 424.6 Copy and Move 484.7 Advice 56  Chapter 5: Templates 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Parameterized Types 595.3 Function Templates 625.4 Concepts and Generic Programming 625.5 Function Objects 645.6 Variadic Templates 665.7 Aliases 675.8 Template Compilation Model 685.9 Advice 68  Chapter 6: Library Overview 716.1 Introduction 716.2 Standard-Library Components 726.3 Standard-Library Headers and Namespace 726.4 Advice 74  Chapter 7: Strings and Regular Expressions 757.1 Introduction 757.2 Strings 757.3 Regular Expressions 787.4 Advice 84  Chapter 8: I/O Streams 858.1 Introduction 858.2 Output 868.3 Input 878.4 I/O State 898.5 I/O of User-Defined Types 908.6 Formatting 918.7 File Streams 928.8 String Streams 928.9 Advice 93  Chapter 9: Containers 959.1 Introduction 959.2 vector 969.3 list 1009.4 map 1019.5 unordered_map 1029.6 Container Overview 1039.7 Advice 104  Chapter 10: Algorithms 10710.1 Introduction 10710.2 Use of Iterators 10810.3 Iterator Types 11110.4 Stream Iterators 11210.5 Predicates 11310.6 Algorithm Overview 11410.7 Container Algorithms 11510.8 Advice 115  Chapter 11: Utilities 11711.1 Introduction 11711.2 Resource Management 11711.3 Specialized Containers 12111.4 Time 12511.5 Function Adaptors 12511.6 Type Functions 12811.7 Advice 131  Chapter 12: Numerics 13312.1 Introduction 13312.2 Mathematical Functions 13412.3 Numerical Algorithms 13512.4 Complex Numbers 13512.5 Random Numbers 13612.6 Vector Arithmetic 13812.7 Numeric Limits 13812.8 Advice 138  Chapter 13: Concurrency 14113.1 Introduction 14113.2 Tasks and threads 14213.3 Passing Arguments 14313.4 Returning Results 14413.5 Sharing Data 14413.6 Waiting for Events 14613.7 Communicating Tasks 14713.8 Advice 151  Chapter 14: History and Compatibility 15314.1 History 15314.2 C++11 Extensions 15814.3 C/C++ Compatibility 16114.4 Bibliography 16614.5 Advice 168  Index 171

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Bjarne Stroustrup (www.stroustrup.com) is the designer and original implementer of C++, as well as the author of Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ (Addison-Wesley, 2009), The C++ Programming Language (Addison-Wesley, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2013), and many popular and academic publications. Dr. Stroustrup is a University Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the holder of the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, an IEEE Fellow, and an ACM fellow. His research interests include distributed systems, design, programming techniques, software development tools, and programming languages. He is actively involved in the ISO standardization of C++.

• Preface ix  Chapter 1: The Basics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Programs 11.3 Hello, World! 21.4 Functions 31.5 Types, Variables, and Arithmetic 51.6 Scope 81.7 Constants 81.8 Pointers, Arrays, and References 91.9 Tests 121.10 Advice 14  Chapter 2: User-Defined Types 152.1 Introduction 152.2 Structures 162.3 Classes 172.4 Unions 192.5 Enumerations 202.6 Advice 21  Chapter 3: Modularity 233.1 Introduction 233.2 Separate Compilation 243.3 Namespaces 263.4 Error Handling 273.5 Advice 31  Chapter 4: Classes 334.1 Introduction 334.2 Concrete Types 344.3 Abstract Types 394.4 Virtual Functions 424.5 Class Hierarchies 424.6 Copy and Move 484.7 Advice 56  Chapter 5: Templates 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Parameterized Types 595.3 Function Templates 625.4 Concepts and Generic Programming 625.5 Function Objects 645.6 Variadic Templates 665.7 Aliases 675.8 Template Compilation Model 685.9 Advice 68  Chapter 6: Library Overview 716.1 Introduction 716.2 Standard-Library Components 726.3 Standard-Library Headers and Namespace 726.4 Advice 74  Chapter 7: Strings and Regular Expressions 757.1 Introduction 757.2 Strings 757.3 Regular Expressions 787.4 Advice 84  Chapter 8: I/O Streams 858.1 Introduction 858.2 Output 868.3 Input 878.4 I/O State 898.5 I/O of User-Defined Types 908.6 Formatting 918.7 File Streams 928.8 String Streams 928.9 Advice 93  Chapter 9: Containers 959.1 Introduction 959.2 vector 969.3 list 1009.4 map 1019.5 unordered_map 1029.6 Container Overview 1039.7 Advice 104  Chapter 10: Algorithms 10710.1 Introduction 10710.2 Use of Iterators 10810.3 Iterator Types 11110.4 Stream Iterators 11210.5 Predicates 11310.6 Algorithm Overview 11410.7 Container Algorithms 11510.8 Advice 115  Chapter 11: Utilities 11711.1 Introduction 11711.2 Resource Management 11711.3 Specialized Containers 12111.4 Time 12511.5 Function Adaptors 12511.6 Type Functions 12811.7 Advice 131  Chapter 12: Numerics 13312.1 Introduction 13312.2 Mathematical Functions 13412.3 Numerical Algorithms 13512.4 Complex Numbers 13512.5 Random Numbers 13612.6 Vector Arithmetic 13812.7 Numeric Limits 13812.8 Advice 138  Chapter 13: Concurrency 14113.1 Introduction 14113.2 Tasks and threads 14213.3 Passing Arguments 14313.4 Returning Results 14413.5 Sharing Data 14413.6 Waiting for Events 14613.7 Communicating Tasks 14713.8 Advice 151  Chapter 14: History and Compatibility 15314.1 History 15314.2 C++11 Extensions 15814.3 C/C++ Compatibility 16114.4 Bibliography 16614.5 Advice 168  Index 171

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Bjarne Stroustrup (www.stroustrup.com) is the designer and original implementer of C++, as well as the author of Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++ (Addison-Wesley, 2009), The C++ Programming Language (Addison-Wesley, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2013), and many popular and academic publications. Dr. Stroustrup is a University Distinguished Professor at Texas A&M University and the holder of the College of Engineering Chair in Computer Science. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, an IEEE Fellow, and an ACM fellow. His research interests include distributed systems, design, programming techniques, software development tools, and programming languages. He is actively involved in the ISO standardization of C++.

• Preface ix  Chapter 1: The Basics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Programs 11.3 Hello, World! 21.4 Functions 31.5 Types, Variables, and Arithmetic 51.6 Scope 81.7 Constants 81.8 Pointers, Arrays, and References 91.9 Tests 121.10 Advice 14  Chapter 2: User-Defined Types 152.1 Introduction 152.2 Structures 162.3 Classes 172.4 Unions 192.5 Enumerations 202.6 Advice 21  Chapter 3: Modularity 233.1 Introduction 233.2 Separate Compilation 243.3 Namespaces 263.4 Error Handling 273.5 Advice 31  Chapter 4: Classes 334.1 Introduction 334.2 Concrete Types 344.3 Abstract Types 394.4 Virtual Functions 424.5 Class Hierarchies 424.6 Copy and Move 484.7 Advice 56  Chapter 5: Templates 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Parameterized Types 595.3 Function Templates 625.4 Concepts and Generic Programming 625.5 Function Objects 645.6 Variadic Templates 665.7 Aliases 675.8 Template Compilation Model 685.9 Advice 68  Chapter 6: Library Overview 716.1 Introduction 716.2 Standard-Library Components 726.3 Standard-Library Headers and Namespace 726.4 Advice 74  Chapter 7: Strings and Regular Expressions 757.1 Introduction 757.2 Strings 757.3 Regular Expressions 787.4 Advice 84  Chapter 8: I/O Streams 858.1 Introduction 858.2 Output 868.3 Input 878.4 I/O State 898.5 I/O of User-Defined Types 908.6 Formatting 918.7 File Streams 928.8 String Streams 928.9 Advice 93  Chapter 9: Containers 959.1 Introduction 959.2 vector 969.3 list 1009.4 map 1019.5 unordered_map 1029.6 Container Overview 1039.7 Advice 104  Chapter 10: Algorithms 10710.1 Introduction 10710.2 Use of Iterators 10810.3 Iterator Types 11110.4 Stream Iterators 11210.5 Predicates 11310.6 Algorithm Overview 11410.7 Container Algorithms 11510.8 Advice 115  Chapter 11: Utilities 11711.1 Introduction 11711.2 Resource Management 11711.3 Specialized Containers 12111.4 Time 12511.5 Function Adaptors 12511.6 Type Functions 12811.7 Advice 131  Chapter 12: Numerics 13312.1 Introduction 13312.2 Mathematical Functions 13412.3 Numerical Algorithms 13512.4 Complex Numbers 13512.5 Random Numbers 13612.6 Vector Arithmetic 13812.7 Numeric Limits 13812.8 Advice 138  Chapter 13: Concurrency 14113.1 Introduction 14113.2 Tasks and threads 14213.3 Passing Arguments 14313.4 Returning Results 14413.5 Sharing Data 14413.6 Waiting for Events 14613.7 Communicating Tasks 14713.8 Advice 151  Chapter 14: History and Compatibility 15314.1 History 15314.2 C++11 Extensions 15814.3 C/C++ Compatibility 16114.4 Bibliography 16614.5 Advice 168  Index 171

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