Muhammad Tahir, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical and Petroleumn Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU),United Arab Emirates (UAE). He has researched and published extensively on photocatalysis, functional materials design, and related subjects.

• Preface xi1 Introduction to Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes for Energy and Environmental Applications 1Muhammad Tahir1.1 Introduction 11.2 Layout of the Book 42 Fundamentals, Properties, and Characteristics of Titanium Carbides MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) 9Areen Sherryna and Muhammad Tahir2.1 Introduction 92.2 Fundamentals of MXene 102.3 Photocatalytic Attributes of MXene 172.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 243 Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes 33Azmat Ali Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan3.1 Introduction 333.2 Different Synthesis Techniques of MXene 353.3 Characterization of MXenes 463.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 503.5 Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) 503.6 Conclusions 514 Synthesis and Characterization of TiC MXene-Based Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion 57Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, Areen Sherryna, Muhammad Madi, Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga, Nazish Khan, and Naveen Kumar4.1 Introduction 574.2 Synthesis of TiC-Based Composites 584.3 Characterization of Ti3C2-Based Composites 694.4 Conclusion 825 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Titanium Dioxide Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 87Riyadh R. Ikreedeegh and Muhammad Tahir5.1 Introduction 875.2 Recent Developments in TiC-Based TiO2Composites 885.3 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for CO2 Reduction 965.4 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Hydrogen Production 1005.5 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Degradation 1026 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 115Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga and Muhammad Tahir6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Principle of Photocatalysis for Using MXene/g-C3N4 Composites 1166.3 Applications of TiC MXene-based Carbon Nitride for H2 Evolution 1186.4 Conclusions 1277 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based MOF Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 133Animesh T. Partho, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Overview of MXenes and MOFs for Photocatalytic Applications 1357.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 1447.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1537.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1567.6 Conclusion and Outlook 1588 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 169Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Basic Principles of Energy Storage and Conversion 1708.3 Properties of TiC MXene 1758.4 Properties of LDH 1768.5 Structural and Optical Properties of LDH/TiC MXene 1778.6 LDH-Based TiCMXene Composite Applications 1798.7 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1858.8 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1878.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 1899 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based Perovskites Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 193Mohamed Madi, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Properties and Application of Perovskite 1949.3 Principle of Photocatalysis Using MXene/Perovskite Composite 1959.4 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for CO2 Reduction 1979.5 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for Degradation 1999.6 Prospects and Challenges 2019.7 Conclusions 20210 Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) Based MXenes for Energy Storage Applications 207Ebrima Ceesay, Shamaila Fatima, Muhammad Z. Iqbal, and Syed Rizwan10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Requirements for Energy Storage 20810.3 Classification of MXenes 20910.4 Synthesis of Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXenes 21210.5 Typical Characterization of MXenes 21310.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES) Devices 21910.7 Thermodynamic and Cycle Stability of MXenes 22410.8 Future Recommendations 22610.9 Summary 227Acknowledgments 227References 228Index 239

Muhammad Tahir, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical and Petroleumn Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU),United Arab Emirates (UAE). He has researched and published extensively on photocatalysis, functional materials design, and related subjects.

• Preface xi1 Introduction to Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes for Energy and Environmental Applications 1Muhammad Tahir1.1 Introduction 11.2 Layout of the Book 42 Fundamentals, Properties, and Characteristics of Titanium Carbides MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) 9Areen Sherryna and Muhammad Tahir2.1 Introduction 92.2 Fundamentals of MXene 102.3 Photocatalytic Attributes of MXene 172.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 243 Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes 33Azmat Ali Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan3.1 Introduction 333.2 Different Synthesis Techniques of MXene 353.3 Characterization of MXenes 463.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 503.5 Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) 503.6 Conclusions 514 Synthesis and Characterization of TiC MXene-Based Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion 57Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, Areen Sherryna, Muhammad Madi, Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga, Nazish Khan, and Naveen Kumar4.1 Introduction 574.2 Synthesis of TiC-Based Composites 584.3 Characterization of Ti3C2-Based Composites 694.4 Conclusion 825 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Titanium Dioxide Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 87Riyadh R. Ikreedeegh and Muhammad Tahir5.1 Introduction 875.2 Recent Developments in TiC-Based TiO2Composites 885.3 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for CO2 Reduction 965.4 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Hydrogen Production 1005.5 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Degradation 1026 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 115Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga and Muhammad Tahir6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Principle of Photocatalysis for Using MXene/g-C3N4 Composites 1166.3 Applications of TiC MXene-based Carbon Nitride for H2 Evolution 1186.4 Conclusions 1277 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based MOF Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 133Animesh T. Partho, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Overview of MXenes and MOFs for Photocatalytic Applications 1357.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 1447.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1537.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1567.6 Conclusion and Outlook 1588 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 169Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Basic Principles of Energy Storage and Conversion 1708.3 Properties of TiC MXene 1758.4 Properties of LDH 1768.5 Structural and Optical Properties of LDH/TiC MXene 1778.6 LDH-Based TiCMXene Composite Applications 1798.7 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1858.8 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1878.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 1899 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based Perovskites Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 193Mohamed Madi, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Properties and Application of Perovskite 1949.3 Principle of Photocatalysis Using MXene/Perovskite Composite 1959.4 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for CO2 Reduction 1979.5 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for Degradation 1999.6 Prospects and Challenges 2019.7 Conclusions 20210 Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) Based MXenes for Energy Storage Applications 207Ebrima Ceesay, Shamaila Fatima, Muhammad Z. Iqbal, and Syed Rizwan10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Requirements for Energy Storage 20810.3 Classification of MXenes 20910.4 Synthesis of Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXenes 21210.5 Typical Characterization of MXenes 21310.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES) Devices 21910.7 Thermodynamic and Cycle Stability of MXenes 22410.8 Future Recommendations 22610.9 Summary 227Acknowledgments 227References 228Index 239

Muhammad Tahir, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical and Petroleumn Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU),United Arab Emirates (UAE). He has researched and published extensively on photocatalysis, functional materials design, and related subjects.

• Preface xi1 Introduction to Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes for Energy and Environmental Applications 1Muhammad Tahir1.1 Introduction 11.2 Layout of the Book 42 Fundamentals, Properties, and Characteristics of Titanium Carbides MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) 9Areen Sherryna and Muhammad Tahir2.1 Introduction 92.2 Fundamentals of MXene 102.3 Photocatalytic Attributes of MXene 172.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 243 Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) MXenes 33Azmat Ali Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan3.1 Introduction 333.2 Different Synthesis Techniques of MXene 353.3 Characterization of MXenes 463.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 503.5 Raman Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) 503.6 Conclusions 514 Synthesis and Characterization of TiC MXene-Based Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion 57Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, Areen Sherryna, Muhammad Madi, Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga, Nazish Khan, and Naveen Kumar4.1 Introduction 574.2 Synthesis of TiC-Based Composites 584.3 Characterization of Ti3C2-Based Composites 694.4 Conclusion 825 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Titanium Dioxide Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 87Riyadh R. Ikreedeegh and Muhammad Tahir5.1 Introduction 875.2 Recent Developments in TiC-Based TiO2Composites 885.3 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for CO2 Reduction 965.4 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Hydrogen Production 1005.5 TiC-Based TiO2 Composite for Degradation 1026 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 115Abdelmoumin Y. Zerga and Muhammad Tahir6.1 Introduction 1156.2 Principle of Photocatalysis for Using MXene/g-C3N4 Composites 1166.3 Applications of TiC MXene-based Carbon Nitride for H2 Evolution 1186.4 Conclusions 1277 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based MOF Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 133Animesh T. Partho, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Overview of MXenes and MOFs for Photocatalytic Applications 1357.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 1447.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1537.5 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1567.6 Conclusion and Outlook 1588 Titanium Carbide (TiC) MXene-Based Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 169Azmat A. Khan, Muhammad Tahir, and Nazish Khan8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Basic Principles of Energy Storage and Conversion 1708.3 Properties of TiC MXene 1758.4 Properties of LDH 1768.5 Structural and Optical Properties of LDH/TiC MXene 1778.6 LDH-Based TiCMXene Composite Applications 1798.7 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Application 1858.8 Photocatalytic Degradation Application 1878.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 1899 Titanium Carbide MXene-Based Perovskites Composites for Energy and Environment Applications 193Mohamed Madi, Muhammad Tahir, and Naveen Kumar9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Properties and Application of Perovskite 1949.3 Principle of Photocatalysis Using MXene/Perovskite Composite 1959.4 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for CO2 Reduction 1979.5 Applications of TiC MXene-Based Perovskite Composite for Degradation 1999.6 Prospects and Challenges 2019.7 Conclusions 20210 Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2) Based MXenes for Energy Storage Applications 207Ebrima Ceesay, Shamaila Fatima, Muhammad Z. Iqbal, and Syed Rizwan10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Requirements for Energy Storage 20810.3 Classification of MXenes 20910.4 Synthesis of Titanium and Vanadium Carbide MXenes 21210.5 Typical Characterization of MXenes 21310.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES) Devices 21910.7 Thermodynamic and Cycle Stability of MXenes 22410.8 Future Recommendations 22610.9 Summary 227Acknowledgments 227References 228Index 239