Thyroid Cancer

Leonard Wartofsky, MD, MACPDepartment of MedicineWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC, USA Douglas Van Nostrand, MD, FACP, FACNMNuclear MedicineWashington Hospital CenterWashington, DC, USA

• PART I. General Considerations I: THYROID CANCER.- 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the thyroid gland: Clinical Correlates to Thyroid Cancer.- 2 Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer.- 3 Molecular Pathogenesis of Thyroid Cancer & Oncogenes in Thyroid Cancer.- 4 Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Cancer in Children.- 5 The Role of Genetics in the Development of Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer.- 6 Apoptosis in Thyroid Cancer.- 7 Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer.- 8 Classification of Thyroid Malignancies.- 9 Staging of Thyroid Cancer.- 10 Recombinant human Thyrotropin (Thyrogen®).- PART II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS II: NUCLEAR MEDICINE.- 11 Radioiodine Whole Body Imaging.- 12 Primer and Atlas for the Interpretation of Radioiodine Whole-Body Scintigraphy.- 13 False-Positive Radioiodine-131 scans in Thyroid Cancer.- 14 The Utility of SPECT-CT in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.- 15 Radioiodine scintigraphy with SPECT/CT: an important diagnostic tool for staging and risk stratification.- 16 Stunning by 131I scanning: Untoward Effect of 131I Thyroid Imaging Prior to Radioablation Therapy.- 17 Stunning is Not a Problem.- 18 Stunning: Does it Exist? A Commentary.- 19 To Perform or Not to Perform Radioiodine Scans Prior to 131I Remnant Ablation?.- PART III. THE THYROID NODULE.- 20 The Thyroid Nodule: Evaluation, Risk of Malignancy, and Management.- 21 Fine-Needle Aspiration.- 22 Diagnostic and Prognostic Molecular Markers in Thyroid Cancer.- 23 Ultrasonic Imaging of the Thyroid Gland.- 24 Radionuclide Imaging of Thyroid Nodules.- 25 18F Fluoro-deoxyglucose PET and Thyroid Nodules.- 26 Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Risk: Surgical Management.- 27 Thyroid Nodules in Children and Cancer Risk.- 28 Management of the Thyroid Nodule: A Comparison Of Published International Guidelines.- PART IV. WELL-DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER A: PAPILLARY CARCINOMA: PRESENTATION.- 29 Papillary Carcinoma: Clinical Aspects.- 30 Papillary Microcarcinoma.- 31 Surgical Approach to Papillary Thyroid Cancer.- 32 Papillary Carcinoma: Cytology and Pathology.- B. INITIAL MANAGEMENT.- 33 Remnant Ablation, Adjuvant Treatment and Treatment of Locoregional Metastases with 131I.- 34 Thyroid Remnant Radioiodine Ablation with Recombinant Human Thyrotropin.- C. SURVEILLANCE.- 35 Follow-up Strategy in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.- 36 Thyroid Hormone Therapy and Thyrotropin Suppression.- 37 Thyroglobulin for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Measurement and Interferences.- 38 Thyroglobulin Antibodies and Their Measurement.- 39 Diagnosis of Recurrent Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies.- 40 Ultrasound of the neck lymph nodes.- 41 Surveillance Radioiodine Whole Body Scans.- 42 Radionuclide Imaging and Treatment of Children with Thyroid Cancer.- 43 Positron Emission Tomography-/Computed Tomography (PET-CT and PET) in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.- 44 Alternative Thyroid Imaging.- 45 MR and CT Imaging of Thyroid Cancer.- 46 Thyroglobulin in Lymph Node Aspirate.- 47 Management of the Patientswith Negative Radioiodine Scan and Elevated Serum Thyroglobulin.- 48 Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.- 49 Surgical Management of Lymph Node Metastases.- 50 Utility of Second Surgery for Lymph Node Metastases.- 51 Papillary Cancer Special Aspects in Children.- 52 Special Presentations of Thyroid Cancer in Thyrotoxicosis, Renal Failure, and Struma Ovarii.- 53 Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma.- 54 Thyroid Cancer in Pregnancy.- D. TREATMENT.- 55 Radiation and Radioactivity.- 56 131I Treatment of Distant Metastases.- 57 Treatment of Metastatic Thyroid Cancer with Radioiodine following preparation by Recombinant Human Thyrotopin.- 58 Dosimetrically-Determined Prescribed Activity of 131I for the Treatment of Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.- 59 Simplified Methods of Dosimetry.- 60 Radioiodine Dosimetry with Recombinant human Thyrotropin.- 61 The Use of Lithium as an Adjuvant to Radioiodine In the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer.- 62 Side Effects of 131I for Therapy of DifferentiatedThyroid Carcinoma.- 63 Radiation Therapy in Papillary Carcinoma.- 64 Chemotherapy of Thyroid Cancer: General Principles.- 65 Bone Metastases from Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.- 66 A Summary of Rare Sites of Metastasis Secondary to Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.- 67 Adjunctive Local Approaches to Thyroid Nodules and Metastatic Thyroid Cancer.- 68 Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Cancer: Restoring Response to Radioiodine Therapy.- 69 Alternative and Complementary Treatment of Thyroid Disorders.- PART V. WELL-DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER  FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA.- 70 Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma.- 71 Surgical Management of Follicular Cancer.- 72 Pathology of Follicular Cancer.- 73 Hürthle Cell Carcinoma.- 74 Follow-Up Strategy in Follicular Thyroid Cancer.- 75 Radionuclide Imaging and 131I Therapy in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma.- 76 PET/CT in Follicular Cancer Including Hürthle Cell Cancer.- 77 Follicular Thyroid Cancer: Special Aspects in Children and Adolescents.- 78 External Radiation Therapy of Follicular Carcinoma.- 79 Determinants of Prognosis of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma.- PART VI. VARIANTS OF THYROID CANCER.- 80 Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma.- 81 Miscellaneous and Unusual Tumors of the Thyroid Gland.- 82 Pathology of Miscellaneous and Unusual Tumors of the Thyroid Gland.- PART VII. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS: MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA.- 83 Clinical Aspects of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.- 84 Cytology and Pathology of Medullary Carcinoma.- 85 Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Surgical Management.- 86 Radionuclide Imaging of Medullary Carcinoma.- 87 PET/CT in Medullary Thyroid Cancer.- 88 Radiation Therapy in Medullary Cancer.- 89 Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Chemotherapy.- 90 A Comparison of the ATA, NCCN, ETA, and BTA Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer.- PART VIII. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS:  THYROID LYMPHOMA.- 91 Thyroid Lymphoma.- 92 Pathology of Lymphoma of the Thyroid.- 93 PET/CT in Lymphoma and Lymphoma of the Thyroid.- PART IX. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS: ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER.- 94 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma:  Clinical Aspects.- 95 Surgical Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.- 96  Pathology of Anaplastic Carcinoma.- 97 PET/CT in Anaplastic Cancer of the Thyroid.- 98 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.- 99 Chemotherapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.- 100 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma:  Prognosis.- PART X. NEW FRONTIERS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS.- 101 Advances in Radiation Therapy.- 102 New Approaches in Nuclear Medicine for Thyroid Cancer.- 103 124I in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.- 104 Future Directions for Advanced Thyroid Cancer Therapy.- 105 Potential Approaches to Chemotherapy of Thyroid Cancer in the Future.- PART XI. Additional Resources.- 106 Prophylaxis against Radiation Exposure from Radioiodine.- 107 Low Iodine Diets.- 108 Appendix A: Books and Manuals.- 109 Appendix B: Additional Sources of Information: Support groups, Websites and additional information.- 110 Appendix C:   Forms and Instructions for Patients Treated with Radioactivity.

“Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management was intended to meet the need of practicing physicians for up-to-date, clinically relevant information on the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer. Physicians treating thyroid cancer patients will find the text comprehensive, accurate, and invaluable. I highly recommend this book to any physician involved in the care of patients with thyroid cancer.” (E. Edmund Kim, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 58 (3), March, 2017)