Thymosins in Health and Disease I

Allan L. Goldstein is professor and Catharine B. & William McCormick Chair of the department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, where he has served since 1978. He is a world-renowned authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system, and co-discoverer of the thymosins.Dr. Goldstein is the author of over 400 scientific articles in professional journals, the inventor on more than 15 U.S. Patents, and the editor of several books in the fields of biochemistry, biomedicine, immunology and neuroscience.He is on the editorial boards of numerous scientific and medical journals and has been a consultant to many research organizations in industry and government; co-founder of The Institute for Advanced Studies in Aging and Geriatric Medicine, a non-profit research and educational institute; a member of the Board of Trustees of the Albert Sabin Vaccine Institute; and serves as the Chairman of the Board of RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals.Dr. Goldstein received his B.S. from Wagner College in 1959 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1964. He served as a faculty member of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine from 1964 to 1972, and moved to the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston in 1972 as professor and director of the division of Biochemistry.

• Introduction for Thymosins in Health and Disease viiAllan L. Goldstein and Enrico GaraciThymosins: chemistry, genetics, receptors, signaling, and multifunctionalityJack of all trades: thymosin α1 and its pleiotropy 1Luigina Romani, Silvia Moretti, Francesca Fallarino, Silvia Bozza, Loredana Ruggeri, Andrea Casagrande, Franco Aversa, Francesco Bistoni, Andrea Velardi, and Enrico GaraciSingle-domain β-thymosins: the family history 7John EdwardsControlled delivery of thymosin β4 for tissue engineering and cardiac regenerative medicine 16Loraine L. Y. Chiu, Lewis A. Reis, and Milica RadisicThymosin α1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells 26Enrico Garaci, Francesca Pica, Annalucia Serafino, Emanuela Balestrieri, Claudia Matteucci, Gabriella Moroni, Roberta Sorrentino, Manuela Zonfrillo, Pasquale Pierimarchi, and Paola Sinibaldi-VallebonaProthymosin α plays multifunctional cell robustness roles in genomic, epigenetic, and nongenomic mechanisms 34Hiroshi Ueda, Hayato Matsunaga, and Sebok Kumar HalderThymosin β4 is rapidly internalized by cells and does not induce intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation 44Czeslaw S. Cierniewski, Katarzyna Sobierajska, Anna Selmi, Jakub Kryczka, and Radoslaw BednarekThymosins: molecular markers, wound healing, fibrosis, inflammation, and hypoxiaThymosin β4 expression reveals intriguing similarities between fetal and cancer cells 53Carvino Faa, Sonia Nemolato, Tiziana Cabras, Daniela Fanni, Clara Gerosa, Mattia Fanari, Annalisa Locci, Vassilios Fanos, Irene Messana, and Massimo CastagnolaProtective effects of thymosin β4 on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats 61Karina Reyes-Gordillo, Ruchi Shah, Jaime Arellanes-Robledo, Marcos Rojkind, and M. Raj LakshmanProtective effects of thymosin β4 in a mouse model of lung fibrosis 69Enrico Conte, Tiziana Genovese, Elisa Gili, Emanuela Esposito, Maria Iemmolo, Mary Fruciano, Evelina Fagone, Maria Provvidenza Pistorio, Nunzio Crimi, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, and Carlo VancheriThymosin β4 affecting the cytoskeleton organization of the myofibroblasts 74H. Paul Ehrlich and Sprague W. HazardThymosin β4 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein in an oxygen-independent manner 79Mee Sun Ock, Kyoung Seob Song, Hynda Kleinman, and Hee-Jae ChaThymosin β4: cardiovascular protection, neuroplasticity and regeneration, and stem cell differentiationThymosin β4 and cardiac protection: implication in inflammation and fibrosis 84Sudhiranjan Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Nikolai Sopko, Yilu Qin, Chuanyu Wei, and Il-Kwon KimMyocardial regeneration: expanding the repertoire of thymosin β4 in the ischemic heart 92Nicola Smart, Sveva Bollini, Karina D. Dubé, Joaquim M. Vieira, Bin Zhou, Johannes Riegler, Anthony N. Price, Mark F. Lythgoe, Sean Davidson, Derek Yellon, William T. Pu, and Paul R. RileyMolecular and cellular mechanisms of thymosin β4-mediated cardioprotection 102Rabea Hinkel, Teresa Trenkwalder, and Christian KupattTreatment of neurological injury with thymosin β4 110Daniel C. Morris, Zheng G. Zhang, Jing Zhang, Ye Xiong, Li Zhang, and Michael ChoppTherapeutic potential of thymosin β4 in myocardial infarct and hear failure 117Christoffer Stark, Pekka Taimen, Miikka Tarkia, Jussi Pärkkä, Antti Saraste, Tero-Pekka Alastalo, Timo Savunen, and Juha KoskenvuoThymosin β4 mobilizes mesothelial cells for blood vessel repair 125Elaine L. Shelton and David M. BaderAppendix: Historical article reprinted from Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 332: 33-48 (1979)Current status of thymosin research: Evidence for the existence of a family of thymic factors that control T-cell maturation 131Teresa L. K. Low, Gary B. Thurman, Carolina Chincarini, John E. McClure, Gailen D. Marshalll, Shu-Kuang Hu, and Allan L. Goldstein