Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 2

Josef van Ess, Emeritus Professor of Islamic Studies and Semitic Languages, University of Tübingen, Germany, has published widely on the history of the Islamic World; Islamic theology and philosophy, especially with respect to the formative period (8th-10th centuries) and the age of the Mongol conquests (13th-14th centuries); and Islamic mysticism. His most famous work is Theologie und Gesellschaft in 6 volumes (de Gruyter 1991-97), the first four volumes of which are now being published in English by Brill.Gwendolin Goldbloom (1969) has produced English translations of several books and a number of articles in the field of Islamic Studies, most of them originally published in German.

• 2.2 Basra2.2.1 The ‘heretics’2.2.1.1 Bashshār b. Burd2.2.1.2 Ṣāliḥ b. ʿAbd al-Quddūs2.2.1.3 The Sumaniyya2.2.1.4 Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ2.2.1.4.1 A text against Islam2.2.1.4.2 The parody of the Quran2.2.1.5 The environment. ‘Natural philosophers’2.2.2 Ḥasan al-Baṣrī and his spiritual successors2.2.2.1 The Qadariyya2.2.2.1.1 Qadarite ideas in hadith2.2.2.1.2 Qadarite traditionists2.2.2.1.2.1 The generation following Ḥasan al-Baṣrī2.2.2.1.2.2 The middle generation2.2.2.1.2.3 Pupils of Saʿīd b. Abī ʿArūba2.2.2.1.2.4 Other Qadarites in the second half of the second century2.2.2.1.3 The Uswārīs2.2.2.1.4 Qadarites among the Basran grammarians2.2.2.2 Qadariyya and asceticism2.2.2.2.1 Ḥasan al-Baṣrī’s younger contemporaries2.2.2.2.2 The following generation2.2.2.2.2.1 The importance of ʿAbbādān2.2.2.2.3 Theological and juristic special opinions within the circle of Basran ascetics2.2.2.2.3.1 The Bakriyya2.2.2.2.4 Asceticism and rationality2.2.3 The jurists2.2.3.1 The case of Iyās b. Muʿāwiya2.2.3.2 Early theoretical texts2.2.3.3 Experts and jurisconsults2.2.3.4 Kullu mujtahid muṣīb2.2.4 Murjiʾites in Basra. The ‘Ghaylāniyya’2.2.4.1 Faḍl al-Raqāshī2.2.4.2 Abū Shamir and his school2.2.4.3 ‘Jahmites’2.2.5 The Ibāḍiyya2.2.5.1 The case of ʿAbdallāh b. Ibāḍ2.2.5.2 The development of the Basran community2.2.5.3 The question of qadar2.2.5.4 The quarrel over the anthropomorphisms2.2.5.5 Further controversial issues2.2.5.6 The environment2.2.5.7 The relation between sin and faith2.2.5.8 Puritanism and scrupulousness2.2.6 The early Muʿtazila2.2.6.1 Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ2.2.6.1.1 The chronology of his life. His origins and profession2.2.6.1.2 Wāṣil the khaṭīb. His appearance before ʿAbdallāh b. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz2.2.6.1.3 Wāṣil’s speech defect2.2.6.1.4 Wāṣil’s relations with the ʿAlids in Medina2.2.6.1.5 The image of Wāṣil’s personality2.2.6.1.6 Wāṣil’s relationship with ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd and Ḥasan al-Baṣrī2.2.6.1.7 The doctrine of the intermediate state2.2.6.1.7.1 Sin and penitence2.2.6.1.7.2 Wāṣil’s relationship with Khārijites and Murjiʾites2.2.6.1.8 Wāṣil’s political views2.2.6.1.9 Further points of doctrine2.2.6.1.9.1 Epistemological issues2.2.6.2 ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd2.2.6.2.1 Biographical data2.2.6.2.2 Political decisions2.2.6.2.2.1 The relationship with Manṣūr2.2.6.2.3 The image of ʿAmr’s personality2.2.6.2.4 His relationship with Ḥasan al-Baṣrī2.2.6.2.4.1 ʿAmr as an exegete2.2.6.2.5 ʿAmr as a legal scholar2.2.6.2.6 ʿAmr as a traditionist2.2.6.2.7 Theology and politics2.2.6.3 The pupil generation2.2.6.3.1 The circle around Wāṣil2.2.6.3.1.1 The duʿāt2.2.6.3.1.2 Wāṣil’s other pupils2.2.6.3.2 The circle around ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd2.2.6.3.2.1 Jurists and traditionists2.2.6.3.2.2 The ‘Muʿtazilites’ of the uprising of AH 1452.2.6.4 The origin of the name Muʿtazila2.2.7 The traditionist reaction2.2.7.1 Opposition against ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd2.2.7.1.1 Ayyūb al-Sakhtiyānī2.2.7.1.2 Yūnus b. ʿUbayd2.2.7.1.3 ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAwn2.2.7.1.4 Sulaymān al-Taymī2.2.7.1.5 Abū ʿAmr Ibn al-ʿAlāʾ2.2.7.2 The next generation2.2.8 The Muʿtazila in Basra during the second half of the second century2.2.8.1 Ṣafwān al-Anṣārī2.2.8.1.1 The image of the early Muʿtazila in Ṣafwān’s qaṣīda2.2.8.2 The principle of amr bil-maʿrūf wal-nahy ʿan al-munkar2.2.8.2.1 The case of Muḥammad b. Munādhir2.2.8.3 The position of the Muʿtazila in Basra after 1452.2.8.4 The development of theology and law2.2.8.4.1 Al-Aṣamm2.2.8.4.1.1 Aṣamm’s ‘ontology’2.2.8.4.1.2 Aṣamm’s Quranic commentary2.2.8.4.1.3 The consensus of Muslims2.2.8.4.1.3.1 Consensus and political theory2.2.8.4.1.4 Aṣamm the lawyer2.2.8.4.2 Ibn ʿUlayya2.2.8.4.3 Further Basran Muʿtazilites2.2.9 Basran Shīʿites2.3 Wāsiṭ2.4 The Jazira2.4.1 Ḥarrān2.4.1.1 The Ṣābians2.4.1.2 Ḥarrān and Islamic theology2.4.2 Diyār Rabīʿa2.4.2.1 The Khārijites2.4.2.2 Mosul2.4.2.3 Nisibis2.4.3 Raqqa2.4.3.1 Sulaymān al-Raqqī2.4.3.2 Extreme Shīʿites3. Iran3.0 General preliminary remarks3.1 Eastern Iran3.1.1 Jahm b. Ṣafwān3.1.1.1 The connection between Jahm and the Jahmiyya3.1.2 The cities3.1.2.1 Balkh3.1.2.1.1 Quranic exegesis3.1.2.1.1.1 Muqātil b. Ḥayyān3.1.2.1.1.2 Muqātil b. Sulaymān3.1.2.1.1.2.1 Muqātil’s theological views3.1.2.1.2 ʿUmar b. Ṣubḥ and the rafʿ al-yadayn3.1.2.1.3 Murjiʾites and Ḥanafites3.1.2.1.4 The beginnings of eastern Iranian mysticism3.1.2.2 Marv3.1.2.3 Tirmidh3.1.2.4 Samarqand3.1.2.5 Herat3.1.3 Sīstān3.1.3.1 The Khārijites3.1.3.1.1 Ḥamza b. Ādharak’s uprising3.1.3.2 Non-Khārijite groups3.1.4 The western part of the province of Khorasan3.1.4.1 Khorasanian Khārijites3.1.4.1.1 The Bayhasiyya3.1.4.1.1.1 Yamān b. Riʾāb3.1.4.1.2 The Ibāḍiyya3.1.4.2 Nishapur3.2 Central and southern Iran3.2.1 The Khārijites3.2.1.1 Yazīd b. Unaysa and the uprising of Abū ʿĪsā al-Iṣfahānī3.2.1.2 Later Khārijites3.2.2 ʿAbdallāh b. Muʿāwiya3.2.3 The cities3.2.3.1 Isfahan3.2.3.2 Qom3.2.3.3 Hamadan3.2.3.4 Rayy4. The Arabian Peninsula4.1 The Hijaz4.1.1 Mecca4.1.1.1 The Qadarites4.1.1.2 The Khārijites4.1.1.2.1 The Ibāḍites4.1.1.3 The Murjiʾites4.1.1.4 The Shīʿites4.1.2 Medina4.1.2.1 The Khārijites4.1.2.2 The Murjiʾa4.1.2.3 The Qadarites4.1.2.3.1 Al-Nafs al-zakiyya’s uprising4.1.2.3.2 Later developments. Resistance against the Qadariyya4.1.2.4 The Jahmiyya4.2 Southern Arabia4.2.1 Yemen4.2.1.1 The Qadarites4.1.2.1 Other trends4.2.2 Oman and Ḥaḍramawt5. Egypt5.0 General preliminary remarks5.1 Shīʿite tendencies5.2 Counter-trends. The Ibāḍiyya5.3 Implicit theology. Hadith5.4 Explicit theology. Kalām5.4.1 Theologians of uncertain affiliation