The Woomera Manual on the International Law of Military Space Operations

Professor Jack Beard is the Director of the Space, Cyber, and National Security Law Program at the University of Nebraska College of Law. His primary fields for teaching and scholarship are public international law and national security law, with a particular emphasis upon space law, cyber capabilities, arms control, and international humanitarian law. He previously served as the Associate Deputy General Counsel (International Affairs) in the Office of the US Secretary of Defense. He is a graduate of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, the University of Michigan Law School, and received an L.LM. in International and Comparative Law from the Georgetown University Law Center.Professor Dale Stephens CSM FAAL is a Professor at the University of Adelaide and a Captain in the Royal Australian Navy Reserve. He has occupied senior legal positions in the Australian Defence Force and undertook numerous operational deployments. He is Director of the Adelaide University Research Unit on Military Law and Ethics. He researches and teaches in the areas of International Law, Space Law, Military Operations Law and Law of Armed Conflict. He is Chair of the SA Red Cross IHL Committee. He was awarded his LL.M and SJD from Harvard Law School and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.

• Hon. Vickie Chapman: Foreword Preface Introduction Methodology of the Woomera Manual Overview of the Space Law Regime Note on Legal Connections Between States and a Space Object Note on Outer Space vs Airspace (Delimitation of Outer Space) PART I: MILITARY SPACE ACTIVITIES DURING PEACETIME Introduction Section 1: Freedoms and Restrictions Related to the Use of Outer Space Rule 1 - Freedom of Use, Access, Exploration, and Scientific Investigation and Principles of Cooperation Rule 2 - Non-Appropriation of Outer Space and Celestial Bodies Rule 3 - Peaceful Purposes in Outer Space Rule 4 - Restrictions on Specified Military Establishments and Activities on Celestial Bodies Rule 5 - Weapons of Mass Destruction Rule 6 - Military Space Activities and Intelligence Collection Rule 7 - Jurisdiction Rule 8 - Registration of Space Objects Rule 9 - Ownership of Space Objects Section 2: Responsibility and Liability Rule 10 - Responsibility of States for National Activities in Outer Space Rule 11 - Responsibility of International Organizations Rule 12 - International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects Section 3: Other Obligations Rule 13 - Astronauts and Personnel of a Spacecraft Rule 14 - Avoidance of Harmful Contamination Rule 15 - Visits to Facilities on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Part II: MILITARY SPACE ACTIVITIES DURING TIMES OF TENSION AND CRISIS Introduction Section 1: Legal Obligations and Prohibitions of Particular Relevance During Times of Tension and Crisis Rule 16 - Zones Rule 17 - Due Regard Rule 18 - Harmful Interference Rule 19 - ITU Harmful Radio Interference Rule 20 - Non-Intervention Principle Rule 21 - Use of Force Rule 22 - Threat of Force Rule 23 - Armed Attack Section 2: Response Actions Rule 24 - Retorsion Rule 25 - Countermeasures Rule 26 - Self-Defence Rule 27 - Collective Self-Defence Rule 28 - Collective Security Measures PART III: MILITARY SPACE OPERATIONS DURING ARMED CONFLICT Introduction: Space, the Law of Armed Conflict, and General Protection from Hostilities Section 1: Characterization of Armed Conflict Rule 29 - International Armed Conflict Rule 30 - Non-International Armed Conflict Section 2: Conduct in or Related to Attack Rule 31 - Attack Rule 32 - Distinction Rule 33 - Direct Participation in Hostilities Rule 34 - Military Objectives Rule 35 - Medical Units and Religious Personnel Section 3: Precautions in Attack Rule 36 - Verification Rule 37 - Choice of Means and Methods of Attack Rule 38 - Proportionality in Attack Rule 39 - Suspension or Cancellation of Attack Rule 40 - Warnings Rule 41 - Precautions against the Effects of Attack Section 4: Means and Methods of Warfare Rule 42 - Means and Methods of Warfare Generally Rule 43 - Natural Environment Rule 44 - Prohibition of Perfidy Rule 45 - Improper Use of Markings Section 5: Other Obligations Rule 46 - Constant Care Rule 47 - Belligerent Reprisals Rule 48 - Neutrality in Space