The Puerto Rico Constitution

Rafael Cox Alomar has a B.A. from Cornell University, a D.Phil. from Oxford University (Marshall Scholar) and a J.D. from Harvard Law School. He consults at the crossroads of international dispute resolution, energy, finance transactions, and federal regulatory matters. Admitted to the bar in Washington D.C., New York, and Puerto Rico, Rafael has practiced law since 2004 in some of the most prestigious international law firms in Washington, acting on behalf of clients on a wide array of dispute resolution and transactional matters. He is a law professor at the University of the District of Columbia's David A. Clarke School of Law, and has been a Visiting Professor at Harvard Law School.

• CONTENTS Series Foreword by Lawrence Friedman Prefatory NoteForeword by Chief Justice Federico Hernández DentonAcknowledgments PART ONE The Constitutional History of Puerto Rico The Council of Indies 1493-1812The Cádiz Constitution of 1812Constitutional Developments 1814-1834The Royal Statute of 1834The Spanish Constitution of 1837The Spanish Constitution of 1845The Spanish Constitution of 1869The Spanish Constitution of 1876Constitutional Developments 1877-1897The Autonomic Charter of 1897The 1898 Spanish American War and the Treaty of ParisU.S. Military Rule 1898-1900 The 1900 Foraker ActThe U.S. Supreme Court and the Insular Cases 1901 The 1917 Jones Act The 1947 Elective Governor ActPublic Law 600, the Constitutional Convention and the 1952 ConstitutionPolitico-Constitutional Developments post-1952Sánchez Valle and Franklin Trust PROMESA and AureliusEpilogue: Between Scylla and Charybdis PART TWO The Constitution of Puerto Rico and CommentaryPreamble Article I: The Commonwealth Section 1. The Commonwealth of Puerto RicoSection 2. Form of Government Section 3. Geographic Area Section 4. Seat of Government Article II: The Bill of RightsSection 1. Human Dignity and Equality; Discrimination ProhibitedSection 2. Suffrage; Electoral Franchise Section 3. Freedom of Religion; Complete Separation of Church and State Section 4. Freedom of Speech and Press; Peaceful Assembly; Petition for a Redress of GrievancesSection 5. Public Education Section 6. Freedom of Association Section 7. Right to Life, Liberty, and Enjoyment of Property; No Death Penalty; Due Process; Equal Protection of Laws; Impairment of Contracts; Exemption of Property from Attachment Section 8. Protection against Attacks on Honor, Reputation, and Private LifeSection 9. Just Compensation for Private PropertySection 10. Searches and Seizures; Wiretapping; Warrants Section 11. Criminal Prosecutions; Jury Trial; Self Incrimination; Double Jeopardy; Bail; Imprisonment Section 12. Slavery; Involuntary Servitude; Cruel and Unusual Punishments; Suspension of Civil Rights for Prisoners; Ex Post Facto Laws; Bills of AttainderSection 13. Habeas Corpus; Military Authority Subordinate Section 14. Titles of Nobility; Gifts from Foreign CountriesSection 15. Employment and Imprisonment of Children Section 16. Rights of EmployeesSection 17. Right to Organize and Bargain CollectivelySection 18. Right to Strike, Picket, and Other Legal Concerted ActivitiesSection 19. Liberal Construction of Rights of People and Powers of Legislative AssemblyArticle III: The LegislatureSection 1. Legislative Assembly Section 2. Number of Members Section 3. Senatorial and Representative Districts; Senators and Representatives at LargeSection 4. Board to Revise Senatorial and Representative Districts Section 5. Qualifications of Members of Legislative Assembly Section 6. Residence in DistrictSection 7. Representation of Minority Parties; Additional Members Section 8. Terms of Office; Vacancies Section 9. Powers of Each House Section 10. Regular and Special SessionsSection 11. Open Sessions Section 12. Quorum Section 13. Place of Meeting; Adjournment Section 14. Privileges and Immunities of Members Section 15. Membership Incompatible with Other Offices Section 16. Power to Change Executive Departments Section 17. Legislative Proceedings Section 18. Joint Resolutions Section 19. Passage of Bills; Approval by Governor Section 20. Line-item Veto Section 21. Impeachment Proceedings Section 22. ComptrollerArticle IV: The ExecutiveSection 1. Governor Section 2. Terms of Office; Residence and Office Section 3. Qualifications of Governor Section 4. Powers and Duties of Governor Section 5. Appointment of Secretaries; Council of Secretaries Section 6. Executive Departments Section 7. Succession to Office of Governor - Permanent Vacancy Section 8. Temporary Vacancy Section 9. Election by Legislative Assembly in Advance of Qualified Successor Section 10. Removal of Governor Article V: The Judiciary Section 1. Judicial Power; Supreme Court; Other Courts Section 2. Unified Judicial System; Creation, Venue, and Organization of CourtsSection 3. Supreme Court as Court of Last Resort; Composition Section 4. Sessions and Decisions of Supreme Court; Judicial ReviewSection 5. Original Jurisdiction of Supreme CourtSection 6. Rules of Evidence and of Civil and Criminal ProcedureSection 7. Rules of Administration; Chief Justice to Direct Administration and Appoint Administrative Director Section 8. Appointment of Judges, Officers, and EmployeesSection 9. Qualifications of Justices of Supreme CourtSection 10. Retirement of Judges Section 11. Removal of Judges Section 12. Political Activity by Judges Section 13. Tenure of Judge of Changed or Abolished CourtArticle VI: General Provisions Section 1. MunicipalitiesSection 2. Power of Taxation; Power to Contract DebtsSection 3. Rule of Taxation to be Uniformed Section 4. Elections Section 5. Promulgation of Laws; Effective Date Section 6. Failure to Make Appropriations Section 7. Appropriations not to Exceed Revenues Section 8. Priority of Disbursements if Revenues Insufficient Section 9. Use of Public Property and Funds Section 10. Extra Compensation for Services; Extension of Term or Decrease of Salary of Public Officer; Salary for More than One OfficeSection 11. Salaries of Officials; Increase or Decrease Section 12. Residence of Governor Section 13. Franchises, Rights, Privileges, and Concessions Section 14. Land Holding by Corporations Section 15. Flag, Seal, and Anthem Section 16. Oath of Public Officials and EmployeesSection 17. Removal of Seat of Government in Emergency Section 18. Criminal Actions Conducted in Name of People of Puerto RicoSection 19. Natural Resources; Historic or Artistic Sites; Penal Institutions; DelinquentsArticle VII: Amendments to the Constitution Section 1. Proposal of Amendments Section 2. Revision of Constitution by Constitutional Convention Section 3. Limitation of Amendments Article VIII: Senatorial and Representative Districts Section 1. Boundaries of Senatorial and Representative Districts Section 2. Electoral Zones in San Juan Article IX: Transitory Provisions Section 1. Laws, Rights, and LiabilitiesSection 2. Existing Officers Continued in Office Section 3. Existing Judges Continued in Office Section 4. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as Successor of People of Puerto RicoSection 5. Citizen of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to Replace Term Citizen of Puerto RicoSection 6. Political Parties Section 7. Laws Supplementing Transitory Provisions Section 8. Division of Department of Agriculture and Commerce Section 9. First and Second General Elections Section 10. Effective Date of Constitution Table 1 Puerto Rico's Political Parties circa 1951-1952Table 2 Election of the Constitutional Convention August 27, 1951 Table 3 Constitutional Convention Delegates per Political Party Table 4 Delegates to the 1951-1952 Constitutional Convention Mentioned in CommentaryTable 5 Puerto Rico Supreme Court Justices Mentioned in CommentaryTable 6 Insular Cases Involving Puerto Rico Bibliographical Essay List of CasesList of U.S. Treaties and Statutes Index About the Author

Rafael Cox Alomar has effectively dissected the Puerto Rican Constitution for those who are unfamiliar with it. This is particularly relevant, since both the text of the Constitution and the judicial decisions interpreting its different provisions are mainly in Spanish.In that sense, the book serves as a bridge between two worlds that will hopefully facilitate a productive conversation regarding Puerto Rico's constitutional future.