Judith Kelley is a Professor and Dean of the Duke Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, North Carolina. She is the author of Scorecard Diplomacy: Grading States to Influence their Reputation and Behavior (Cambridge, 2017), and Monitoring Democracy: When International Election Observation Works and Why It Often Fails (2012), winner of the Chadwick F. Alger Prize. Beth Simmons is a Professor of Law, Political Science and Business Ethics at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (2009), recognized by the American Society for International Law, among others, as the best book of 2010.