Robin Chapman worked as a lexicographer and teacher before beginning his academic career in the School of Education, Aberystwyth University, moving in 2003 to the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies. He has published extensively in biography and literary criticism, with a particular emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth century. In 2004, he was awarded a DLitt by the University of Wales for a collection of his published work; and has since been elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and the Royal Historical Society.

• Preface Introduction 1: Reading the Word, 1740-90 2: Reading the world, 1740-90 3: Continuing literature, 1740-90 4: Four sketches, 1790-1810 5: The short nineteenth century: 1810-45 6: Nonconformist Hegemony, 1840-75 7: Authors in search of a character, 1875-1900 8: Academics and rustics, 1900-20 9: Between the wars, 1920-39 10: The War and after: 1939-50 11: Absences, deaths, retreats and entrances: the 1950s and early 1960s 12: Bridges and walls, 1962-79 13: The removal of badges, 1979-97 14: Ten years, 1997-2006 Appendix 1: Cynghanedd Appendix 2: The Eisteddfod Author Biographies Suggestions for Further Reading Works Cited

Robin Chapman worked as a lexicographer and teacher before beginning his academic career in the School of Education, Aberystwyth University, moving in 2003 to the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies. He has published extensively in biography and literary criticism, with a particular emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth century. In 2004, he was awarded a DLitt by the University of Wales for a collection of his published work; and has since been elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and the Royal Historical Society.

• Preface Introduction 1: Reading the Word, 1740-90 2: Reading the world, 1740-90 3: Continuing literature, 1740-90 4: Four sketches, 1790-1810 5: The short nineteenth century: 1810-45 6: Nonconformist Hegemony, 1840-75 7: Authors in search of a character, 1875-1900 8: Academics and rustics, 1900-20 9: Between the wars, 1920-39 10: The War and after: 1939-50 11: Absences, deaths, retreats and entrances: the 1950s and early 1960s 12: Bridges and walls, 1962-79 13: The removal of badges, 1979-97 14: Ten years, 1997-2006 Appendix 1: Cynghanedd Appendix 2: The Eisteddfod Author Biographies Suggestions for Further Reading Works Cited

Robin Chapman worked as a lexicographer and teacher before beginning his academic career in the School of Education, Aberystwyth University, moving in 2003 to the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies. He has published extensively in biography and literary criticism, with a particular emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth century. In 2004, he was awarded a DLitt by the University of Wales for a collection of his published work; and has since been elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and the Royal Historical Society.

• Preface Introduction 1: Reading the Word, 1740-90 2: Reading the world, 1740-90 3: Continuing literature, 1740-90 4: Four sketches, 1790-1810 5: The short nineteenth century: 1810-45 6: Nonconformist Hegemony, 1840-75 7: Authors in search of a character, 1875-1900 8: Academics and rustics, 1900-20 9: Between the wars, 1920-39 10: The War and after: 1939-50 11: Absences, deaths, retreats and entrances: the 1950s and early 1960s 12: Bridges and walls, 1962-79 13: The removal of badges, 1979-97 14: Ten years, 1997-2006 Appendix 1: Cynghanedd Appendix 2: The Eisteddfod Author Biographies Suggestions for Further Reading Works Cited